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CTGN 1st Shift > UNIT 1: Introduction to Cytogenetics > Flashcards

UNIT 1: Introduction to Cytogenetics Flashcards

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1
Q

Branch of genetics that studies the structure of DNA within the cell nucleus

A

Cytogenetics

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1
Q

Cytogenetic studies that ___ and ___ of chromosomes

A

Number and morphology

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2
Q

Chromosome banding techniques is also known as ___

A

Classical cytogenetics

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3
Q

Hybridization fluorescent technique is also known as ___

A

Molecular cytogenetics

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4
Q

A mix of native and non-native chromosome

A

Hybridization

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5
Q

He observed the section of cork by a primitive type of microscope

A

Robert Hooke (1665)

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6
Q

What did Hooke found out about the section of the cork?

A

It was made up of small hollow units like honey comb

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7
Q

Hooke termed the honey comb structural unit as ___

A

Cell

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8
Q

He published microscopic anatomy of plants

A

Nehemiah Grew

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9
Q

Grew advanced a theory that the stamen corresponds to ___ (male or female), while pistil corresponds to ___ (male or female) reproductive organ

A

male
female

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10
Q

He improved the microscope by the technique of grinding the lens

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

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11
Q

He reported the studies on free cells such as protozoa and bacteria

A

Anthony van Leeuwenhoek

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12
Q

T/F: Leeuwenhoek also studies blood cells

A

T

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13
Q

He showed the presence of sex in plants

A

Rudolf Jacob Camerarius

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14
Q

Camerarius demonstrated that in ___, seeds are not produced unless ___ is applied to the ____

A

maize
pollen
pistil

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15
Q

Camerarius concluded that ___ is the male element, while ___ is the female element

A

pollen
pistil

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16
Q

He published the information on his work of plant hybridization

A

Joseph Gottlieb Kolreuter

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17
Q

Kolreuter made hybrids between different varieties of ___ and between some plant genera

A

Tobacco

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18
Q

By using ___, Kolreuter showed the equal contribution of male and female parents to their offspring

A

Reciprocal crosses

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19
Q

He proposed a theory of evolution

A

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

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20
Q

Lamarck propose the theory of ___

A

Inheritance of acquired characters

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21
Q

According to Lamarck, variation in an individual is brought about by:

A

(a) conscious effort
(b) reaction to environment
(c) use and disuse of the organ

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22
Q

Another conclusion by Lamarck aside from the factors of variation in an individual

A

Heredity carries forward the changes that are acquired during the life time of the individual

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23
Q

He studied plant cells and discovered nucleus in Tradescantia

A

Robert Brown

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24
He described the nucleus as a central feature of living cells
Robert Brown
25
He described cell division and showed that cells arise through partition walls formed between preexisting cells
Hugo von Mohl
26
They put forth the cell theory on the basis of accumulated experimental results
Matthias Jacob Schleiden Theodor Schwann
27
Three principles of Schleiden & Schwann's experimental results
1. The cell is the smallest structural element of a multicellular organism and it is an elementary organism 2. In a multicellular organism, every cell has a specific function to perform, and represents a working unit 3. A cell can only be produced from another cell by cell division
28
Who summarized the cell theory?
Rudolf Virchow
29
In 1842, ___ 1st discovered chromosomes in pollen
Karl Nageli
30
In 1870, ___ introduced aniline staining to observe chromosomes during cell division
Walther Flemming
31
Aniline is derived from ___
Coal tar
32
Aniline is a/an ___ (acidic/basic)
Basic
33
Aniline dyes the ___ of the cell
Nucleus (specifically the phosphate group)
34
Nucleus are basophilic, while proteins are ___
Eosinophilic
35
In 1888, ___ coined the term "chromosome" after staining techniques had been developed
Waldeyer
36
In 1923, Theophilus Painter derived an estimate of ___ chromosomes using images of ___ from thin sections of ____ embedded in paraffin and stained with ____
48 nuclei reconstructed human testicular tissue iron hematoxylin
37
The species used by Painter as a model animal in 1923
Drosophilia (fruit fly)
38
What is found in the fruit fly by Painter in 1923?
Giant polytene chromosomes
39
According to Painter in 1923, where is the giant polytene chromosomes found?
Salivary glands
40
Two words where the word "chromosome" is derived
Chroma (colored) Soma (bodies)
41
To describe the deeply staining properties of the structures during cytological analysis
Colored body
42
In 1950, the improvements of cytogenetic techniques are made possible with the use of ___ to ___
Colchicines Arrest cells in metaphase
43
In 1956, ___ and ___ showed that human cells have 23 pairs of chromosomes
Joe Hin Tjio Albert Levan
44
In 1960, peripheral leukocyte culture method of ___ was adopted by many cytogeneticists
Moorehead et al.
45
Colchicine is an anti-___ drug
Gout
46
The phase of cell division when the chromosomes are aligned in the equator
Metaphase
47
The specific leukocyte used by Moorehead et al. in 1960
Lymphocyte (because of its big nucleus)
48
Enumerate the process of karyotyping
(1) 5mL venous blood (2) Add phytohemagglutinin and culture medium (3) Culture at 37degrees Celsius (4) Add colchicine and hypotonic saline (5) Cells fixed (6) Spread cells into slide by dropping (7) Analyze "metaphase spread" (8) Digest with trypsin and stain with Giemsa (9) Karyotype
49
Fixative used for karyotyping
Carnoy's fixative
50
Components of Carnoy's fixative
3 : 1 methanol : glacial acetic acid
51
Function of trypsin
Cut proteins (it's a protease)
52
In situ hybridization techniques were initially developed by ___ and ___ in 1960s
Joseph Gall and Mary Lou Pardue
53
According to Mendel's Law, "___" are inherited
paired factors
54
According to Mendel's Law, "paired factors" segregate during ___
gamete formation
55
According to Mendel's Law, "paired factors" ___ (dependently or independently) sort
independently
56
In 1902, ___ & ___ discovered the Chromosome theory of inheritance
Sutton & Boveri
57
According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosomes segregate in ___
Gamete formation (haploid)
58
According to Sutton & Boveri, chromosome pairs segregate ___ (dependently or independently)
independently
59
T/F: the first genetic linkage map has ratio and is a non mendelian principle
F (no ratio)
60
Polytene chromosomes were first discovered in ___
insects
61
___, ___, ____, and ___ made the 1st genetic linkage maps from fruit fly
Morgan, Sturtevant, Bridges, and Muller
62
In 1920, ___ pioneered plant cytogenetics
Cyril Darlington
63
Who are the two nobel prize winners among those who made the first genetic linkage maps from fruit fly?
Morgan & Muller
64
___ is a term studied by ___ which pertains to one race being advance than the other
Eugenics Cyril Darlingtong
65
____ is the hereditary material
DNA
66
___ discovered the amount of nitrogen base in chromosome in 1950
Chargaff
67
In 1953, ____ & ___ discovered the double helix
Watson and Crick
68
In 1961, the discovery of the genetic code in protein synthesis has been done by ___
Crick, Brenner et al.
69
Who did the horizontal gene transfer & lipid experiment?
Frederick Griffith
70
Who discovered the ratio of purine and pyrimidine?
Chargaff
71
According to Chargaff, what is the ratio of A:T and G:C in nitrogen bases?
1:1, 1:1
72
Who headed the human genome project but resigned later on?
Crick
73
The first report of CGH analysis was by ___
Kallioniemi and colleagues
74
The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Solinas-Tolodo using ____
Tumor cells
75
The implementation of array of CGH in chromosome preparation was pioneered by Pinkel et al. using ____
Breast cancer cells
76
Translocation of chromosomes causes ___
Cancer
77
Pachytene is from which phase of cell division?
Meiosis I
78
The non-invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies
Maternal blood (baby RBC)
79
The invasive detecting process of pre-natal studies
Amniocentesis
80
___% of the chromosomal aberrations causing live-born birth defects are Aneuploidies
95%
81
____ is a useful method for prenatal diagnosis of chromosomal disorders
Blood cytogenetic analysis of fetal cells by FISH

CTGN 1st Shift (8 decks)

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