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CTGN 1st Shift > UNIT 3.1: THE CELL + CENTRAL DOGMA > Flashcards

UNIT 3.1: THE CELL + CENTRAL DOGMA Flashcards

(91 cards)

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1
Q

3 basic components of a nucletodie

A

Nitrogenous base
Pentose sugar
Phosphate group

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2
Q

Adenine and Guanine are __

A

Purine bases

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3
Q

Thymine and Cytosine are __

A

Pyrimidine bases

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4
Q

Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base

A

Nucleoside

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5
Q

Phosphate group + Pentose sugar + Nitrogen base

A

Nucleotide

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6
Q

Demonstrated how the 3 components are physically assembled to form DNA

A

Watson and Crick

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7
Q

DNA is like a twisted ladder with chemical bonds as it runs

A

Double helix model

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8
Q

Nucleotides are joined to form a ___

A

Polynucleotide chains

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9
Q

Covalent bond that links adjacent nucleotides

A

Phosphodiester bond

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10
Q

5’ is the ___ group of the new nucleotide and is linked to the free 3’ __ group of the existing nucleotide

A

Phosphate
OH

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11
Q

Having opposite orientations

A

Antiparallel

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12
Q

Important for the attachment of DNA binding proteins involved in replication and transcription

A

Major and minor grooves

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13
Q

Enumerate the central dogma

A

Replication
Transcription
Translation

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14
Q

Important in duplicating the DNA so that there will be sister chromatids at anaphase stage at the end of cytokinesis

A

Replication

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15
Q

DNA replication is ___ because each separated strand serve as template for the synthesis of a complementary strand

A

Semiconservative

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16
Q

Major steps of replication

A

Initiation
Elongation
Termination

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17
Q

Unwinding of the double stranded DNA

A

Initiation

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18
Q

DNA synthesis

A

Elongation

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19
Q

Rewinding of the double helix

A

Termination

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20
Q

Unwinds the two DNA strands at the replication fork

A

Helicase

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21
Q

Stabilize ssDNA as it forms so it will not anneal to reform the double helix

A

Single-strand DNA binding proteins (SSB)

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22
Q

Releases the tension ahead of the replication fork caused by the unwinding of the DNA helix

A

DNA Gyrase

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23
Q

The DNA Gyrase releases a the tension and causes a ____ supercoil

A

positive

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24
Q

The replication bubble is more common on ___ (eukaryote or prokaryote) because their DNA is ___

A

Prokaryote
Circular

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25
The SSB stabilizes the ssDNA at the ___
Replication fork
26
Short fragments produced during the discontinuous synthesis
Okazaki fragments
27
The process by which an RNA sequence is formed from a DNA template
Transcription
28
Used for RNA synthesis and serves as the template
Template strand
29
The template strand is also known as ___
Antisense strand
30
Has the same sequence as the RNA produced, with exception of U replacing T
Coding strand
31
The non-template strand
Coding strand
32
The coding strand is also known as ___
Sense strand
33
Type of RNA produced by the transcription process
mRNA
34
The RNA polymerase enzyme that binds to a promoter site on the DNA
RNA polymerase II
35
Pulls a portion of the DNA strands apart from each other and exposes unattached DNA bases during the transcription
RNA polymerase
36
The RNA sequence is synthesized in ___ direction
5' to 3'
37
Transcription continues until a group of bases called ___ is reached
Termination sequence
38
Processes of post-transcription modification
Splicing Capping Polyadenylation
39
Identify the post-transcription modification process: Introns in the precursor mRNA are excised, and the exons are spliced together to form a shorter mature mRNA
Splicing
40
Identify the post-transcription modification process: 5' end of RNA is ___ by the addition of a methylated guanin nucleotide
Capping Capped
41
Identify the post-transcription modification process: 3' end acquires a poly (A) tail that contains approximately ___ adenine residues)
Polyadenylation 200
42
The process in which mRNA provides a template for the synthesis of a protein
Translation
43
Carries code for protein synthesis
mRNA
44
Component essential for structural support and catalytic activity
rRNA
45
Adaptor molecule that provides physical and informational link between mRNA and the polypeptide being synthesized
tRNA
46
Site of protein synthesis
Ribosomes
47
A subunit of ribosome which is the decoding site
Small subunit
48
A subunit of ribosome that mediates interaction between mRNA and tRNA
Small subunit
49
A subunit of ribosome which is the active site
Large subunit
50
A subunit of ribosome which catalyzes peptide bond formation
Large subunit
51
In the translation process, the ribosome finds the initiation site on the ___
mRNA sequence
52
Start codon
AUG (for methionine)
53
Binds the tRNA to its surface so that base pairing can occur between tRNA and mRNA
Ribosome
54
The ribosome moves along the mRNA codon by codon in the ___direction
5' to 3'
55
An amino acid is translated by the interaction of ___ and ___
mRNA tRNA
56
An enzyme that catalyzes the covalent peptide bonds between adjacent amino acids
Peptidyl transferase
57
The ___ provides the peptidyl transferase
Ribosome
58
Identify the protein structure: Linear sequence of amino acids
Primary
59
Identify the protein structure: Local folded proteins that occur inside a polypeptide due to atom interactions
Secondary
60
Identify the protein structure: alpha-helix and beta-pleated
Secondary
61
Identify the protein structure: 3D framework or the polypeptide, due to interactions between the R groups of the AA sequence of the protein
Tertiary
62
Identify the protein structure: Hydrophobic interactions, H bonds, sulfur bridgers
Tertiary
63
Identify the protein structure: Association of two or more polypeptides into multi-subunit complex
Quaternary
64
Identify the protein structure: Assembly of individual polypeptides into a larger functional cluster
Quaternary
65
Identify the type of protein by function: catalyze covalent bond breakage or formation
Enzyme
66
Identify the type of protein by function: Speeds up chemical reactions
Enzyme
67
Identify the type of protein by function: Provide mechanical support to cells and tissues
Structural
68
Identify the type of protein by function: Serves as antibodies that protect the body from antigens
Protective
69
Identify the type of protein by function: Serves as coagulation factor
Protective
70
Identify the type of protein by function: Bind to DNA to switch the gene on or off
Regulatory
71
Identify the type of protein by function: Carry extracellular signals from cell to cell
Nerve impulse transmission (Hormones)
72
Identify the type of protein by function: Carry small molecules or ions
Transport
73
Represents a self-regulated sequence of events that controls cell growth and cell division
Cell Cycle
74
Identify the organelle: non-membrane bound organelles that are responsible for the synthesis of protein
Ribosomes
75
rRNA are synthesized in the ___
Nucleolus
76
Component of ribosome
Protein + rRNA
77
Ribosomes are attached to the ___
RER
78
T/F: ribosomes may be free floating in the cytoplasm but not attached in the perinuclear membrane
F (they can be both)
79
Identify the organelle: Responsible for glucose and lipid synthesis
SER
80
Identify the organelle: Site for post-transcriptional modification
Golgi body
81
Identify the organelle: Site of oxidative phosphorylation
Mitochondria
82
Identify the organelle: Provides energy to the cell by producing ATPs
Mitochondria
83
Identify the organelle: Responsible for cell division
Centrosome
84
Identify the organelle: Complex structure that contains two barrel-shaped centrioles
Centrosome
85
A prominent regulator of cell division
Actin
86
Plays essential role during centrosome separation, chromosome movements, spindle organization, spindle positioning, and mitotic checkpoint silencing
Dynein
87
Identify the organelle: Produces hydrogen peroxide for cell clean up
Peroxisome
88
Identify the organelle: Also known as microbodies
Peroxisome
89
Chromosome is a condensed ___
Chromatin
90
Threadlike strands of nuclear DNA with proteins
Chromosome
91
Protein in the nuclear DNA
Histones

CTGN 1st Shift (8 decks)

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