Unit 1 Quiz 2 Flashcards
Hindsight bias
0.2
the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have
foreseen it. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along-phenomenon.
Confirmation Bias
0.2
A tendency to search for information that supports out preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictiory evidence
Overconfidence
0.2
the tendency to be more confident than correct.
(Provide an example of an operational definition of Happiness in app)
Operational definition
0.3
specifically names the operations (steps or procedures) that the
experimenter must use to control or measure the variables in the experiment. This allows the
experiment to be replicated.
Replication
0.3
repeating the essence of a research study, usually with different participants in
different situations, to see whether the basic finding extends to other participants and
circumstances.
Population
0.3
all the cases in a group being studied from which samples may be drawn.
Sample/Representative
0.3
A subset of the population carefully chosen to represent the
proportionate diversity of the population as a whole
Random Sample
0.3
a sample that fairly represents a population because each member
has an equal chance of inclusion.
Convenience Sample
0.3
Collecting reaserch from a group that is readily available such as your friends at school, rather than a sample that would repreasent all the students at your school
Sampling Bias
0.3
A flawed sampling process that produces an unreapreasentative sampling
(Describe pros/cons in app)
Survey
0.3
Survey: a technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a particular
group, usually by questioning a representative, random sample of the group.
Wording effect
0.3
Crafting questions is tricky, because their wording can influence respondents’ answer.
Self-report bias
0.3
Bias when people report their behavior inaccurently
Social desirability bias
0.3
Bias from peoples responding in ways they presume a reasercher expects or wished
(Describe pros/cons in app)
Case Study
.3
an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of
revealing universal principles.
(Describe
pros/cons in app)
Naturalistic Observation
.3
observing and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations
without trying to manipulate and control the situation. *Naturalistic observation doesn’t
explain, it only describes.
Meta-analysis
.3
A statistical procedure for analyzing the result og multiple studies to reach an overall conclusion.
Correlation
.4
a measure of the extent to which two factors vary together, and thus of how well
either factor predicts the other. *Correlation does not show causation.
(Pearson R) (Give
example/explain for app)
Correlation Coefficient
.4
a statistical index of the relationship between two things (from -1 to +1).
(Label operational definition
for X and Y axis for app)
Scatterplot
.4
a graphed cluster of dots each of which represents the values of two variables.
The slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. The
amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation).
(Provide a
visual representation for app)
Perfect Positive Correlation
.4
the more time you spend in the sun, the more likely
you are to get sunburned. *Remember with positive correlations, the two variables
go in the same direction. They can be either up or down. Ex. The more time you
spend in the sun, the more likely you are to get burned. OR The less time you spend in
the sun, the less likely you are to get sunburned.
(Provide a visual representation for app)
Perfect Negative Correlation
.4
the more sunscreen you put on, the less
sunburned you will get.
Directionality Problem
.4
it cannot tell us which variable is the cause, and which one is the effect. if teen social media use correlates with ( predicts 0 teen risk of depression, that may - or may - indicate that social media use causes in increased risk of depression.
Third Variable Problem
.4
or perhaps some third variable, such as stress, reduced flow and increase depression; the fact that an observed correlation between two variables may be due to the common correlation between each of the variables and a third variable rather than any underlying relationship (in a causal sense) of the two variables with each other.
