Unit 1 QUIZ Flashcards
Ch 6, 7, 8 (135 cards)
1
Q
Extracellular amount of water in blood plasma
A
20%
2
Q
The interstitial fluid comprises what percentage of the extracellular fluid?
A
80%
3
Q
Glycoproteins that are found extending through the plasma membrane
A
Integrins
4
Q
If transport through a cell membrane requires the expenditure of energy, it is called
A
Active transport
5
Q
Movement of water through a cell membrane, rather than a solute, is called
A
osmosis
6
Q
Which of the following substances is least able to diffuse through a living cellular membrane ?
A
Glucose
7
Q
Cells continually generate carbon dioxide and must get rid of it. The mechanism by which carbon dioxide moves out of cells is by
A
Simple diffusion
8
Q
Ion channels in a cell membrane permit the selective passage of
A
Na+ and K+
9
Q
The number of molecules diffusing through a membrane per unit time (rate) depends on all of the following except the
A
availability of ATP
10
Q
A high density of microvilli is to be expected especially on the surface of epithelial cells located in the
A
Small intestine
11
Q
Two solutions are said to differ in ___ if they have the different concentrations of non-penetrating solutes.
A
Tonicity
12
Q
Red blood cells placed in a hypertonic solution will
A
Crenate
13
Q
When the body gains water and the blood becomes too diluted, it is detected by osmoreceptors located in the ____.
A
Brain
14
Q
The primary effect of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) is to
A
Lower the osmolality of the blood
15
Q
Cells take in oxygen by simple diffusion and glucose by facilitated diffusion. Therefore, oxygen uptake and glucose uptake will differ from each other in all of the following respects except
A
the need for ATP
16
Q
Extracellular fluid contains up to 10,000 more calcium that intracellular fluid, and yet all the cells continue to pump out even more calcium. They could only do this by means of
A
active transport
17
Q
Primary active transport involves a conformational change in the carrier protein. The most immediate stimulus for this is __
A
Phosphorylation (binding of the carrier protein to a phosphate group) within the cell
18
Q
Living cells are negatively charged inside primarily because of
A
ATP, organic acids, and other negative molecules that cannot escape.
19
Q
The cell membrane is more permeable to __ than any other cation
A
K+
20
Q
The membrane of a resting cell leaks sodium and potassium ions, but the __ compensates for this and maintains the membrane potential near a constant value
A
Sodium/potassium pump
21
Q
Facilitated diffusion can transport molecules against a concentration gradient
A
False
22
Q
Simple diffusion does not require a living cell membrane
A
True
23
Q
The spontaneous, random diffusion of molecules creates a concentration gradient
A
False
24
Q
A concentration gradient is a state of low entropy
A
True
25
The dialysis membranes used in the treatment of kidney disease do not allow plasma protein molecules to pass.
True
26
The basal lamina consists of collagen and is part of the extracellular matrix
False
27
Solutes that cannot pass freely through a semipermeable membrane are said to be__
osmotically active
28
Warer passes from the tissue fluids into the blood capillaries mainly because
blood has a higher protein concentration than the tissue fluids
29
A deficiency of protein in the blood caused by liver disease such as cirrhosis, where the damaged liver is unable to produce protein albumin, leads to
edema
30
The atomic weighs of the following elements are C=12, O=16, H=1. The formula for cludose is C6H16O6. Maltose is made by combining two glucose molecules with the removal of H and OH groups to form water as a by-product. Thus the molecular weight of maltose is
342
31
Avogrado's number is
how many molecules are present in one mole of a substance
32
Glutamic acid weighs 147 grams per mole. To make a 1M solution of glutamic acid, you could___
Dissolve 147 g in enough water to make a 1L solution
33
In biological applications, it is often preferable to measure solution concentrations is molality rather than molarity, especially if comparing solutions of different substances. This is because
two solutions of the same molality have equivalent ratios of solute to water, but two solutions of the same molarity may not have equivalent ratios
34
Which of the following solutions is isotonic relative to blood plasma
.15 m NaCl
.9% NaCl
5% dextrose
35
Red blood cells placed in a 0.3m urea solution (urea is permeable) will exhibit
hemolysis
36
The carrier proteins of cell membranes have many properties in common with enzymes except
allosteric inhibition
37
In diabetes mellitus, the blood glucose level is high and glucose appears in the urine. This is due to a property of the carrier proteins along the kidney tubules, namely
saturation
38
Some cells employ a countertransport (or antiport) mechanism to maintain a high extracellular Ca2+ concentration coupled to the passive inward diffusion of Na+. This best describes
secondary active transport of Ca2+ out of the cell
39
When a cell reaches a potassium equilibrium
K+ outward diffusion is balanced by electrical attraction inward
40
The Nernst equation enables us to calculate the membrane voltage that exactly balances the diffusion of a particular ion down its concentration gradient. To use the equation, however, we must know all of the following, except the
equilibrium potential of the ion in millivolts (mV)
41
Excessive vomiting, for example, can deplete the body's K+ reserves and abnormally lower the potassium concentration in the plasma (hypokalemia). The membrane potential of cells under the influence of hypokalemia would record a value
somewhere between (-)65 and (-)90 mV
42
Osmosis is the movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from the side with a more concentrated solution to the side with a more dilute solution
False
43
Proteins given intravenously would raise a patient's blood volume and pressure
True
44
Osmosis is the net diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane, so pure water has a lower osmotic pressure than any solution
True
45
The Na+/K+ pumps are found only in the nerve and muscle cells
False
46
The term, potential difference, means the amount of electrical charge (voltage) that exists across a cell membrane at any moment
True
47
A neuron generally has all of the following principle areas except
microvilli
48
Which of the following is not a function of neurons
NONE.
Respond to physical and chemical stimuli.
Conduct electrical impulses.
Release specific chemical regulators.
49
A grouping of cell bodies located within the central nervous system is known as
Nucleus
50
The numerous small extensions from the soma are known as the
dendrites
51
A ________ neuron transmits impulses from the periphery to the central nervous system.
Sensory
52
Involuntary effectors are innervated by
autonomic neurons
53
Myelin sheaths around axons located within the CNS are formed by
oligodendrocytes
54
Which of the following cell types is not a supporting cell or glial cell of the nervous system
Association neurons
55
Arrange these action potential events in their proper sequence
1,4,2,5,6,3
56
The diffusion of K+ out of the cell makes the inside of the cell less positive, or more negative, and acts to restore the original resting membrane potential. This process is called ___________
Repolarization
57
During the absolute refractory period along an axon membrane of a neuron
The neuron is unable to respond to a stimulus of any intensity
58
Nerve impulses are conducted along an axon without decrement. This means that the action potentials are conducted without
Decreasing amplitude
59
Which of the following is not a neuron-neuron synapse
Neuromuscular junction
60
Electrical synapses
require the presence of gap junction
61
All of these neurons release acetylcholine as a neurotransmitter except
specific cardiac and smooth muscle fibers
62
Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme located on or immediately outside the
postsynaptic membrane
63
Which of the following statements of ESPSs is false
ESPSs are all-or-none events
64
The first voltage-regulated gates encountered along the neuron membrane, which initiate the formation of action potentials, are located on the neuron near the
axon hillock
65
Cocaine stimulates the synapses of specific neurons that release dopamine and other monoamines, by
blocking the dopamine or monoamine reuptake into the presynaptic axon ending
66
The central nervous system includes the brain and cranial nerves
False
67
Neuroglia are a type fo neuron that functions in support of the other types of neurons in the nervous system
False
68
a mixed nerve contains both sensory and motor neurons
true
69
The Nissel bodies of the cell body contain densely staining areas of active mitochondria.
False
70
Orthograde (forward flow) and retrograde (reverse flow) transport in neurons is characteristic of the more rapid form of molecule movement in the neuron called axonal transport.
True
71
Spaces (pores) are found between the endothelial cells lining the capillary wall in the brain. These pores help form the blood-brain barrier.
False
72
The specialized cells of the PNS that are surrounded by a basement membrane that is capable of forming a regeneration tube through which a severed peripheral axon can regrow are the
Schwann cells
73
In the developing fetal nervous system, development of the sensory neurons requires the actions of
neurotropin-3
74
The production and release of lactate to provide energy to the neurons is a function of the
Astrocytes
75
In the absence of stimuli, all cells in the body maintain a potential difference across the membrane called the __________, in which the inside of the cell is negatively charged in comparison to the outside of the cell.
resting membrane potential
76
If a resting neuron is stimulated and there is an inward flow of positive charges into the cell, the membrane potential will
move upward away from the resting potential and closer to zero
77
The term "voltage regulated" means that the
membrane voltage gated ion channels open and close with changes in the membrane potential
78
Which statement about the action potential or nerve impulse is false
The Na+/K+ pumps are directly involved in creating the action potential.
79
Local anesthetics__
block the opening of the voltage regulated sodium ion channels
80
As the action potential frequency in a presynaptic neuron increases, the number of vesicles undergoing exocytosis __________ and the number of released neurotransmitter molecules __
increases; increases
81
When neurotransmitters binds to a receptor on the target cell and produces depolarization, the neurotransmitter
produced an EPSP
82
Which of the following statements describes nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors as opposed to muscarinic ACh receptors?
Nicotinic receptors are closed until ACh molecules bind to the receptor proteins.
83
EPSPs produced by many different presynaptic fibers converging on a single postsynaptic neuron, causing summation on the postsynaptic dendrites and cell body best describes
spatial summation
84
Along myelinated sections between nodes in a myelinated axon, electrical signals are conducted by
Saltatorial conduction
85
These lipid molecules may function as retrograde neurotransmitters and allow the postsynaptic neuron to decrease release of neurotransmitter from the presynaptic neuron.
endocannabinoids
86
A neuron poisoned with cyanide so that is can't produce ATP is still able to produce action potential for a period of time.
True
87
Myelin sheaths around the high number of axons in the CNS give this tissue a gray color therefore it is called the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord.
False
88
The instrument that displays images of upward and downward changes in the membrane potential on a cathode-ray fluorescent screen is called a voltmeter.
False
89
A negative feedback loop is created as the rate of Na+ entry increases as the rate of membrane depolarization increases in an explosive fashion.
False
90
The greater the strength of the stimulus the greater the amplitude of action potentials; therefore the code for stimulus strength is amplitude modulated, not frequency modulated.
False
91
Action potentials conducted along thicker, unmyelinated fibers are conducted faster than those along thin unmyelinated fibers.
True
92
In the fourth week after conception, the anterior end of the neural tube differentiates into three principal swellings, which later become regions of the brain. Which of the following is not one of these three swellings?
neuroencephalon
93
The ___________ layer of the embryo gives rise to the tissues of the nervous system
Ectoderm
94
The central cavities in the brain that are filled with cerebrospinal fluid are known as _
ventricles
95
The gray matter of the brain constitutes primarily the ________ portion of the brain
cortex
96
The right and left cerebral hemispheres are connected to each other mainly by a bundle of nerve fibers called the
corpus callous
97
The cerebrum is divided into five lobes, including all of the following except the
sagittal
98
Impulses from the cochlea of the ear are transmitted to what part of the brain
the temporal lobes
99
Your attempt to answer this questions will most likely cause increased ___ activity in your cerebrum
beta wave
100
The structures in the brain that compromise the limbo system are involved in
goal-directed behaviors
101
Which of the following are not found in the midbrain
Cerebral nuclei
102
The pons includes all fo the following except the
Cardial control center
103
Humans have a total of ___ cranial nerves
24
104
The structure in the brain responsible for conscious thought, intellect, memory storage and processing, controlling the movement sensation is the ___
cerebrum
105
The _____ is the structure of the CNS that filters sensory input, allowing about 1% of sensory information to reach the cerebrum.
Thalamus
106
Which of the following is not a nucleus within the hypothalamus
Red nucleus
107
Visual input from the left eye is transmitted to both left and right occipital lobes because of the crossing-over of the optic nerve fibers.
False
108
Movement of the limbs is largely under the control of the limbic system
False
109
The two hormones of the posterior lobe of the pituitary are actually synthesized in the hypothalamus and not in the pituitary gland
True
110
The pons receives sensory input from the muscles and tendons
False
111
The hypothalamus controls the posterior lobe of the pituitary by means of the hypothalamo-hypophysela nerve tract but it does not have any control over the anterior love
False
112
All nerve fibers that communicate between the brain and spinal cord must pass through the medulla oblongata
True
113
The spinal cord has a cortex of gray matter surrounding a central core (medulla) made up of white matter
False
114
Nerve fibers of the major ascending tracts of the spinal cord originate mainly in the posterior or dorsal horn of the spinal cord
False
115
Only one of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves is purely sensory
False
116
Sensations from the skin are converted to perceptions in which part of the brain
The postcentral gyrus
117
The ___ scan uses radioisotopes to obtain an image
PET
118
Damage to ___causes a person to speak very slowly and with poor articulation
Broca's area
119
Fear appears to be processed by what part of the brain
The limbic system
120
Damage to the corporal quadrigemina in the midbrain would impair
vision and hearing
121
damage to the cerebellum causes
ataxia
122
The pyramids of the medulla oblongata are the sites of
decussation of nerve tracts
123
The vagus nerve carries parasympathetic nerve stimulation to most of the thoracic and abdominant viscera and originates in the
medulla oblongata
124
The drug nicotine will affect the nervous system by
stimulating a subset of cholinergic receptors
125
Which of the following would be considered a descending spinal cord tract
the corticospinal tract
126
The reticulospinal (extrapyramidal) nerve tract consist of fibers that originate in the
reticular formation
127
The vomeronasal organ (VNO) found in many mammals (probably including humans) detects sex attracting chemicals (pheromones). When the pheromone is detected, sexual arousal will be initiated. To what unconscious brain area would the VNO deliver information?
Hypothalamus
128
Each cerebral hemisphere received information only from the contralateral side of the body
False
129
Right-handed people have better chances of recovering from damage to Broca's area than left-handed people
False
130
The cerebral cortex of the brain has extensive nerve connections to the limbic system and exerts strong control over its functions
False
131
Several cranial nerves originate from nuclei located in the hindbrain
True
132
The reticular activating system (RAS) responds to somatestheic sensations arriving via the spinal cord, but not to visual or auditory sensations that bypass this center
False
133
If the corticospinal tracts are served at the level of the lumbar vertebrae, a person will be paralyzed from the neck down.
False
134
The cerebellum has many nerve fibers that travel down the des sending spinal tracts to coordinate the activity of skeletal muscle.
False
135
Movements of the eyeball are controlled by the optic nerves
False
