Unit 3 MATERIAL Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Functions of the circulatory system
A
Transportation, regulation, protection
2
Q
Major components of the circulatory system
A
Cardiovascular system and lymphatic system
3
Q
Components of the cardiovascular system
A
arteries, arterioles, veins, venules, capillaries
4
Q
Components of the lymphatic system
A
Lymphatic vessels, lymphoid tissues, lymphatic organs (spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymph nodes)
5
Q
Average adult blood volume is ___ liters.
A
5
6
Q
bright red, oxygenated except for blood going to the lungs
A
Arterial Blood
7
Q
dark red, deoxygenated except for blood coming from the lungs
A
Venous blood
8
Q
Blood is made of __% formed elements and __% plasma (by volume)
A
45; 55
9
Q
Plasma protein that creates osmotic pressure to help draw water from tissues into capillaries to maintain blood volume and pressure
A
albumin
10
Q
Globulins that transport lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
A
alpha and beta globulins
11
Q
Globulins are proteins found in the
A
plasma
12
Q
Plasma proteins make up _% to _% of plasma
A
7 to 8
13
Q
Globulins that are antibodies that function in immunity
A
Gamma globulins
14
Q
Plasma without fibrinogen
A
Serum
15
Q
Helps in clotting after becoming fibrin
A
Fibrinogen
16
Q
What do osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus do
A
Cause the release of ADH from the posterior pituitary gland if fluid is lost or osmolality increases
17
Q
Formed elements of the blood
A
Erythrocytes, Leukocytes, Platelets
18
Q
Abnormally low hemoglobin or RBC count
A
Anemia
19
Q
Erythrocytes characteristics (7)
A
Flattened, biconcave discs
Carry oxygen
Lack nuclei and mitochondria
Count – approximately 5 million/mm3 blood
Have a 120-day life span
Each contain about 280 million hemoglobin molecules
Iron heme is recycled from the liver and spleen; carried by transferrin in the blood to the red bone marrow
20
Q
Granular leukocytes
A
neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
21
Q
Agranular leukocytes
A
monocytes and lymphocytes
22
Q
Leukocytes characteristics
A
Have nuclei and mitochondria
Count – approximately 5000 to 9000/mm3 blood
23
Q
movement through the capillary wall into connective tissue
A
Diapedesis
24
Q
How do leukocytes move
A
Amoeboid fashion
25
Smallest formed element, fragments of large cells called megakaryocytic
Platelets (thrombocytes)
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Platelets characteristics
Lack nuclei
Very short-lived (5 to 9 days)
Clot blood with several other chemicals and fibrinogen
Release serotonin that stimulates vasoconstriction
Count: 130,000 to 400,000/mm3 blood
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Formation of blood cellular components is called
Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis)
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embryonic cells that give rise to all blood cells
Hematopoietic stem cells
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Where does Hematopoiesis (hemopoiesis) occur
Myeloid (red bone marrow) and lymphoid tissue
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Formation of red blood cells is called
Erythropoiesis
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Red bone marrow produces how much RBCs/Sec
2.5 million
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Regulation of erythropoiesis occurs through
Process stimulated by erythropoietin from the kidneys that respond to low blood O2 levels
Process takes about 3 days
33
Most iron in RBC formation comes from
Recycled RBCs, the rest from diet.
34
Intestinal iron secreted into blood through
ferroportin channels
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All iron travels in blood bound to
Transferrin
36
Iron homeostasis hormone which removes ferroportin channels to promote cellular storage of iron and lowers plasma iron levels
Hepcidin
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Formation of white blood cells is called
Leukopoiesis
38
What stimulates the production of different leukocytes?
Cytokines
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What are the different subtypes of leukocytes (5)
```
Multipotent growth factor-1
Interleukin-1
Interleukin-3
Granulocyte colony stimulating factor
Granulocyte-monocyte colony-stimulating factor
```
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stimulates growth of megakaryocytes and maturation into platelets
Thrombopoietin
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has the A antigen (RBC)
Type A
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has the B antigen (RBC)
Type B
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has both the A and B antigens (RBC)
Type AB
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has neither the A nor the B antigen (RBC)
Type O
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found on the surface of cells to help immune system recognize self cells
Antigens
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secreted by lymphocytes in response to foreign cells
Antibodies
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has anti-B antibodies (plasma)
Type A
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has anti-A antibodies (plasma)
Type B
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has no antibodies (universal recipient) (plasma)
Type AB
50
has anti-A and anti-B antibodies (universal donor) (plasma)
Type O
51
Transfusion reaction
If a person is given wrong blood, antibodies bind to erythrocytes and cause agglutination
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Antigen for Rh factor
Antigen D
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Will not have antibodies unless exposed to Rh+ either through blood transfusion or pregnancy
Rh-
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Rh- mothers are treated with what in future pregnancies if their first child was Rh+
RhoGAM. Antibodies cross placenta and attack Rh+ RBCs of new fetus.
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cessation of bleeding when a blood vessel is damaged
Hemostasis
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Damage exposes collagen fibers to blood, producing (3)
Vasoconstriction
Formation of platelet plug
Formation of fibrin protein web
57
Prostacyclin, nitric acid, and CD39 are secreted by
intact endothelium
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Prostacyclin and nitric acid in endothelium do what?
Vasodilate and inhibit platelet aggregation
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CD39 do what?
Breaks down ADP into AMP and Pi to inhibit platelet aggregation further
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What holds platelets at damaged endothelium
von Willebrand factor
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Damaged endothelium exposes
collagen
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Platelet release reaction molecules (3)
```
ADP (sticky platelets)
Serotonin (vasoconstriction)
Thromboxane A (sticky platelets and vasoconstriction)
```
63
Intrinsic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Activated by exposure to collagen. Factor VII activates a cascade of other blood factors.
64
Extrinsic conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin
Induced by tissue thromboplastin (factor iii). More direct pathway.
65
Steps of formation of fibrin (3)
Fibrinogen is converted to fibrin via one of two pathways.
Calcium and phospholipids (from the platelets) convert prothrombin to the active enzyme thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin.
Vitamin K is needed by the liver to make several of the needed clotting factors.
66
Drug that blocks thrombin to prevent clots
Heparin
67
Drug that inhibits vitamin K
Coumadin
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What digests fibrin after a blood clot
Plasmin
69
Right atrium of heart does what
Receives deoxygenated blood from body
70
Right ventricle of heart does what
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
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Left atrium of heart does what
Receives oxygenated blood from lungs
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Left ventricle of heart does what
Pumps oxygenated blood to body
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Annuli fibrosi rings do what?
Hold the heart valves
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Circulation between heart and lungs
Pulmonary
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Circulation between heart and body
Systemic
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Blood pumps to lungs via
Pulmonary arteries
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Blood returns to heart from lungs via
Pulmonary veins
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Blood pumps to tissues via
aorta
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Blood returns to heart from tissues via
Superior and inferior vena cava
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Valve located between the atria and the ventricles
Atrioventricular valves
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AV located between right atrium and right ventricle
Tricuspid valve
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AV located between between left atrium and left ventricle
Bicuspid valve
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Prevent heart valves from inverting
Papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
84
Valves located between the ventricles and arteries leaving the heart
Semilunar valves
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SV between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Pulmonary valve
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SV between left ventricle and aorta
aortic valve
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"Lub"
closing of AV valves; occurs at ventricular systole
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"Dub"
closing of semilunar valves; occurs at ventricular diastole
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Rheumatic fever (from strep throat) can cause mitral valve flaps to thicken or fuse.
Mitral stenosis
90
Causes for a heart murmur (3)
Mitral stenosis.
Incompetent valves.
Septal defects.
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Contraction of heart muscles
Systole
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Relaxation of heart muscles
Diastole
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total volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole
End-diastolic volume
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the amount of blood left in the left ventricle after systole (1/3 of the end-diastolic volume)
End-systolic volume
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isovolumetric contraction
Ventricles begin contraction, pressure rises, and AV valves close (lub)
96
After isovolumetric contraction,
pressure builds, semilunar valves open, blood is ejected into arteries
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After blood is ejected into arteries,
Pressure in ventricles falls; semilunar valves close (dub); isovolumetric relaxation
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slight inflection in pressure during isovolumetric relaxation
Dicrotic notch
99
Cardiac muscle cells are interconnected by gap junctions called
Intercalated discs
100
The area of the heart that contracts from one stimulation event is called a
myocardium or functional syncytium
101
automatic nature of the heartbeat
Automaticity
102
is the “pacemaker”; located in right atrium
Sinoatrial node (SA node)
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secondary pacemakers (ectopic pacemakers); slower rate than the “sinus rhythm”
AV node and Purkinje fibers
104
Slow spontaneous depolarization after a rapid hyperpolarization
Pacemaker potential (diastolic depolarization)
105
At -40mV, what happens
Ca2+ gated channels open, triggering contraction
106
Repolarization occurs with the opening of voltage-gated
K+ channels
107
HCN channels
Speeds heart rate due to increased Na+
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Parasympathetic releases acetylcholine which,
opens K+ channels to slow the heart rate
109
Cardiac muscle cells have a resting potential of
-85 mV
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ECG atrial depolarization
P wave
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ECG atrial systole
P-Q interval
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ECG ventricular depolarization
QRS wave
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ECG plateau phase, ventricular systole
S-T segment
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ECG ventricular repolarization
T wave
115
Lead I
Between right arm and left arm
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Lead II
between right arm and left leg
117
Lead III
Between left arm and left leg
118
AVR Lead
Right arm VS Left arm and Left leg
119
AVL Lead
Left arm VS Right arm and Left foot
120
AVF Lead
Left leg VS Right arm and Left Arm
121
"Lub" occurs after
The QRS wave as the AV valve closes
122
"Dub" occurs at the beginning
T wave as SL valve closes
123
abnormal patterns of electrical activity that result in abnormalities of the heartbeat
Arrhythmias
124
Group 1 Arrhythmia drugs
drugs that block the fast Na+ channels (quinidine, procainamide, lidocaine)
125
Group 2 Arrhythmia drugs
drugs are beta-blockers (propranolol, atenolol)
126
Group 3 Arrhythmia drugs
drugs block K+ channels (amiodarone)
127
Group 4 Arrhythmia drugs
drugs block the slow Ca2+ channels (verapamil, diltiazem)
128
inner layer; composed of simple squamous endothelium on a basement membrane and elastic fibers
Tunica interna
129
middle layer; composed of smooth muscle tissue
tunica media
130
outer layer; composed of connective tissue
tunica externa
131
Arteries closer to the heart; allow stretch as blood is pumped into them and recoil when ventricles relax
Elastic arteries
132
Arteries farther from the heart; have more smooth muscle in proportion to diameter; also have more resistance due to smaller lumina
Muscular arteries
133
Arteries 20 to 30 µm in diameter; provide the greatest resistance; control blood flow through the capillaries
Arterioles
134
blood flow to capillaries is regulated by
vasoconstriction and vasodilation of arterioles
| precapillary sphincters
135
Capillaries Adjacent cells are close together; found in muscles, adipose tissue, and central nervous system (add to blood-brain barrier)
Continuous capillaries
136
Capillaries have pores in vessel wall; found in kidneys, intestines, and endocrine glands
Fenestrated capillaries
137
Capillaries have gaps between cells; found in bone marrow, liver, and spleen; allow the passage of protein
Discontinuous capillaries
138
Ensure one-directional flow of blood returning to heart
Venous valves
139
Muscle surrounding the veins to help pump blood
Skeletal muscle pumps
140
carry cholesterol to arteries
Low density lipoprotein (bad)
141
carry cholesterol away from the arteries to the liver for metabolism
High density lipoprotein (good)
142
better predictor for atherosclerosis than LDL levels
C-reactive proteins
143
condition characterized by inadequate oxygen due to reduced blood flow
Ischemia
144
Common cause for ischemia
Atherosclerosis
145
Angina pectoris
Referred pain due to increase build up of lactic acid due to ischemia
146
Ischemia leads to necrosis in some parts of the heart which leads to
Myocardial infarction (heart attack or MI)
147
Detecting ischemia
```
Depression of S-T on ECG.
Plasma concentration of blood enzymes.
Creatine phosphokinase.
Lactate dehydrogenase.
Troponin I (sensitive).
Troponin T.
```
148
slow heart rate, below 60 bpm is called
bradycardia
149
fast heart rate, above 100 bpm
tachycardia
150
AV Node Block
Damage to the AV node can be seen in changes in the P-R interval of an ECG
151
AV Node Block First Degree
Impulse conduction exceeds 0.2 secs.
152
AV Node Block Second Degree
Not every electrical wave can pass to ventricles
153
AV Node Block Third/Complete Degree
No stimulation gets through. A pacemaker in the Purkinje fibers takes over, but this is slow (20 to 40 bpm).
154
Functions of the Lymphatic System
Transports excess interstitial fluid (lymph) from tissues to the veins.
Produces and houses lymphocytes for the immune response.
Transports absorbed fats from intestines to blood.
155
formed from merging lymphatic capillaries
Lymphatic ducts: lymph is filtered through lymph nodes
156
smallest lymphatic vessel; found within most organs
Lymphatic capillaries: Interstitial fluids, proteins, microorganisms, and fats can enter.
157
Lymph is delivered to what veins
Left and right subclavian veins
158
the volume of blood pumped each minute by each ventricle is called
Cardiac output
159
Cardiac output =
stroke volume x heart rate
160
Spontaneous depolarization occurs at SA node when
HCN channels open, allowing Na+ in
161
Sympathetic norepinephrine and adrenal epinephrine keep HCN channels open
Increasing heart rate
162
Parasympathetic acetylcholine opens K+ channels
Slowing heart rate
163
Spontaneous depolarization occurs at SA node and is controlled by
cardiac center of medulla oblongata that is affected by higher brain centers
164
Positive chronotropic effect
Increases rate
165
Negative chronotropic effect
Decreases rate
166
Stroke volume increases with increased (2)
EDV and contractility
167
Stroke volume regulated by
EDV, arterial blood pressure, contractility
168
Arterial blood pressure is inversely related to
stroke volume
169
Strength of ventricular contraction
contractility
170
How much of the EDV is normally ejected
60%, Ejection fraction
171
Frank-Starling Law of the Heart
Increased EDV results in increased contractility and thus increased stroke volume
172
myocardial stretch
Increased EDV stretches the myocardium, which increases contraction strength.
Due to increased myosin and actin overlap and increased sensitivity to Ca2+ in cardiac muscle cells.
173
Increased peripheral resistance will decrease
Stroke volume
174
2/3 of our body water is found in
the cells
175
of remaining 1/3 of water, 80% is found in and 20% in
Intersitial and blood plasma
176
Net filtration pressure
hydrostatic pressure of the blood in the capillaries minus the hydrostatic pressure of the fluid outside the capillaries
177
Combination of hydrostatic pressure and oncotic pressure that predicts movement of fluid across capillary membranes
Starling forces
178
(pc + πi) - (pi + πp); (fluid out)-(fluid in)
fluid movement
179
predict the movement of fluid out of the capillaries at the arteriole end (positive value) and into the capillaries at the venule end (negative value)
Starling forces
180
Excessive accumulation of interstitial fluid
Edema
181
Causes of edema (6)
High arterial blood pressure
Venous obstruction
Leakage of plasma proteins into interstitial space
Myxedema (excessive production of mucin in extracellular spaces caused by hypothyroidism)
Decreased plasma protein concentration
Obstruction of lymphatic drainage
182
Capillaries in the kidneys are called
Glomeruli
183
Kidney arterioles dilate
increasing blood flow and increases urine production that will decrease blood volume
184
ADH is produced where
Hypothalamus and released in the post pituitary
185
Secreted by adrenal cortex indirectly when blood volume and pressure are reduced
Aldosterone
186
Stimulates reabsorption of salt and water in kidneys
Aldosterone
187
When blood pressure is low, cells in the kidneys (juxtaglomerular apparatus) secrete the enzyme
Renin
188
Arterial blood pressure =
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
