Unit 1 Test Flashcards by Jasmine Lawrence

hairlike receptors on the ends of neurons

dendrites

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basic unit of the nervous system

neuron

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long extension leading away from the cell body

axon

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fatty layer of tissue that surrounds an axon

myelin sheath

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gaps between myelin on the axon

nodes of ranvier

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cells that help to make up the myelin sheath

schwann cells

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gap between neurons

synapse

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neuron that receives incoming stimuli

interneuron

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neuron connected to a muscle (effector) that carries out an impulse

motor neuron

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firing of a neuron, also known as depolarization

action potential

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minimum stimulus required to cause a response

threshold level

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neuron will completely fire or not at all

all or none response

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exitatory neurotransmitter found in synapses of neurons, stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle

acetylcholine

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outer region of the brain (cerebrum), involved in thought and reasoning

cerebral cortex

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part of the brain stem, regulates many involuntary activities including increasing heart rate

medulla oblongata

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region of the brain that controls motor coordination and balance

cerebellum

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relay centre between the medulla and the cerebellum

pons

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band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, relay center between left and right hemispheres

corpus callosum

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nerve tissue that is myelinated

white matter

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nerve tissue that is unmyelinated

grey matter

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protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

meninges

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made up of the brain and spinal cord

central nervous system

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made up of nerves supplying the brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

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nerve root that is connected to a sensory neuron in the spinal cord

dorsal root

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nerve root that is connected to a motor neuron

ventral root

part of the ans, prepares the body for emergencies

sympathetic nervous system

part of the ans, brings the body back to normal after an emergency

parasympathetic nervous system

enzyme that destroys acetylcholine in a synapse

cholinesterase

pump in a neuron that actively removes ions after an action potential, removes 3Na+ ions for every 2K+ ions it brings in

sodium/potassium pump

region of the brain responsible for motor functions and senses

parietal lobe

region of the brain that is involved in thought and reasoning

frontal lobe

region of the brain that is responsible for sight

occipital lobe

region of the brain responsible for hearing

temporal lobe

paralysis of two limbs

parapelegic

paralysis of four limbs

quadrepelegic

normal state that an axon is at, normally -70 mV outside of neuron js + while inside is -

resting potential

process of reversing the normal charge in an axon, outside becomes - while the inside becomes +

depolarization

process of restoring the original arrangement of ions in an axon, done with the help of the sodium/potassium pump

repolarization

period when no other action potentials can occur, the axon is restoring its original arrangement of ions

refractory period

the path a reflex takes

reflex arc

the action carried out as a result of a reflex

reflex act

reflex of the knee

patella reflex

reflex of the bottom of the foot

babinski reflex

reflex of the pupil

pupillary reflex

group of natural pain killers produced by the body to reduce pain

endorphins

thin layer of transparent tissue on the front of the eye, helps to focus light onto the lens

cornea

hard clear structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina

lens

layer of protective tissue on the inside of the eyelid; serves to protect the front of the eye

conjuctiva

clear fluid in the front chamber of the eye

aqueous humour

clear fluid in the posterior portion of the eye

vitreous humour

layer of tissue at the back of the eye, where light is focused. it contains rods and cones

retina

outer layer of the eye, serves to protect the eye

sclera

middle layer of tissue in the eye, serves to prevent scattering of light in the eye

chloroid layer

region at the back of the eye where there is a large concentration of rods and cones

fovea centralis

region where the optic nerve enters the eye, no rods or cones here therefore no vision

blind spot

sensory nerve that carries impulses to the brain

optic nerve

the colouring tissue of the eye, serves to control the amount of light entering the eye

iris

the opening into the eye, where light passes through the lens

pupil

photosensitive cells in the retina that detect low levels of light and are mainly used at night

rods

photosensitive cells in the retina that are used for detecting colour and bright light

cones

the process of the lens changing shape to account for viewing near and far objects

accomodation

near sightedness, caused when the eye is too long

myopia

far sightedness, caused when the eye is too short

hyperopia

pigment needed in order for the cones and rods to detect light

Rhodopsin

vision problem where there is too much pressure in the eye, caused by irregular draining of vitreous and aqueous humours

glaucoma

vision defect because of irregular curvature of the lens or cornea

astigmatism

outer fleshy part of the ear, directs sound waves to the auditory canal

pinna

long canal that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane, serves to amplify sound waves

auditory canal

thin membrane found at the end of the auditory canal, changes sound energy into mechanical energy

tympanic membrane

group of three small bones in the ear that conduct mechanical waves in the ears, called the hammer-malleus, anvil-incus, and stirrup-stapes

ossicles

tube that leads from the middle ear to the back of the throat, serves to equalize pressure in the ear

eustachian tube

small layer of tissue that covers the opening of the cochlea, receives waves from the stapes

oval window

snail-shaped structure in the ear that is filled impulses to the brain

auditory nerve

set of three fluid filled canals that control dynamic balance

semicircular canals

small bones in the inner ear that detect the position of the head, static balance

otoliths

small fluid filled sacs that contain otoliths in the inner ear

saccule/utricle

hormone released by a pineal gland, associated with sleeping

melatonin

found in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels

insulin

fight or flight hormone, increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels

adrenaline

increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract

noradrenaline

the maintaining of a constant internal enviroment by reacting to stimuli, reactions can be carried out by any system in the body

homeostasis

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

(81 cards)