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Biology 3201 > Unit 1 Test > Flashcards

Unit 1 Test Flashcards

1
Q

hairlike receptors on the ends of neurons

A

dendrites

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2
Q

basic unit of the nervous system

A

neuron

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3
Q

long extension leading away from the cell body

A

axon

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4
Q

fatty layer of tissue that surrounds an axon

A

myelin sheath

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5
Q

gaps between myelin on the axon

A

nodes of ranvier

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6
Q

cells that help to make up the myelin sheath

A

schwann cells

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7
Q

gap between neurons

A

synapse

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8
Q

neuron that receives incoming stimuli

A

interneuron

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9
Q

neuron connected to a muscle (effector) that carries out an impulse

A

motor neuron

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10
Q

firing of a neuron, also known as depolarization

A

action potential

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11
Q

minimum stimulus required to cause a response

A

threshold level

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12
Q

neuron will completely fire or not at all

A

all or none response

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13
Q

exitatory neurotransmitter found in synapses of neurons, stimulates skeletal muscle and inhibits cardiac muscle

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

outer region of the brain (cerebrum), involved in thought and reasoning

A

cerebral cortex

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15
Q

part of the brain stem, regulates many involuntary activities including increasing heart rate

A

medulla oblongata

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16
Q

region of the brain that controls motor coordination and balance

A

cerebellum

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17
Q

relay centre between the medulla and the cerebellum

A

pons

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18
Q

band of white matter that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, relay center between left and right hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

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19
Q

nerve tissue that is myelinated

A

white matter

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20
Q

nerve tissue that is unmyelinated

A

grey matter

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21
Q

protective membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord

A

meninges

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22
Q

made up of the brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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23
Q

made up of nerves supplying the brain and spinal cord

A

peripheral nervous system

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24
Q

nerve root that is connected to a sensory neuron in the spinal cord

A

dorsal root

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25
Q

nerve root that is connected to a motor neuron

A

ventral root

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26
Q

part of the ans, prepares the body for emergencies

A

sympathetic nervous system

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27
Q

part of the ans, brings the body back to normal after an emergency

A

parasympathetic nervous system

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28
Q

enzyme that destroys acetylcholine in a synapse

A

cholinesterase

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29
Q

pump in a neuron that actively removes ions after an action potential, removes 3Na+ ions for every 2K+ ions it brings in

A

sodium/potassium pump

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30
Q

region of the brain responsible for motor functions and senses

A

parietal lobe

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31
Q

region of the brain that is involved in thought and reasoning

A

frontal lobe

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32
Q

region of the brain that is responsible for sight

A

occipital lobe

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33
Q

region of the brain responsible for hearing

A

temporal lobe

34
Q

paralysis of two limbs

A

parapelegic

35
Q

paralysis of four limbs

A

quadrepelegic

36
Q

normal state that an axon is at, normally -70 mV outside of neuron js + while inside is -

A

resting potential

37
Q

process of reversing the normal charge in an axon, outside becomes - while the inside becomes +

A

depolarization

38
Q

process of restoring the original arrangement of ions in an axon, done with the help of the sodium/potassium pump

A

repolarization

39
Q

period when no other action potentials can occur, the axon is restoring its original arrangement of ions

A

refractory period

40
Q

the path a reflex takes

A

reflex arc

41
Q

the action carried out as a result of a reflex

A

reflex act

42
Q

reflex of the knee

A

patella reflex

43
Q

reflex of the bottom of the foot

A

babinski reflex

44
Q

reflex of the pupil

A

pupillary reflex

45
Q

group of natural pain killers produced by the body to reduce pain

A

endorphins

46
Q

thin layer of transparent tissue on the front of the eye, helps to focus light onto the lens

A

cornea

47
Q

hard clear structure in the eye that focuses light onto the retina

A

lens

48
Q

layer of protective tissue on the inside of the eyelid; serves to protect the front of the eye

A

conjuctiva

49
Q

clear fluid in the front chamber of the eye

A

aqueous humour

50
Q

clear fluid in the posterior portion of the eye

A

vitreous humour

51
Q

layer of tissue at the back of the eye, where light is focused. it contains rods and cones

A

retina

52
Q

outer layer of the eye, serves to protect the eye

A

sclera

53
Q

middle layer of tissue in the eye, serves to prevent scattering of light in the eye

A

chloroid layer

54
Q

region at the back of the eye where there is a large concentration of rods and cones

A

fovea centralis

55
Q

region where the optic nerve enters the eye, no rods or cones here therefore no vision

A

blind spot

56
Q

sensory nerve that carries impulses to the brain

A

optic nerve

57
Q

the colouring tissue of the eye, serves to control the amount of light entering the eye

A

iris

58
Q

the opening into the eye, where light passes through the lens

A

pupil

59
Q

photosensitive cells in the retina that detect low levels of light and are mainly used at night

A

rods

60
Q

photosensitive cells in the retina that are used for detecting colour and bright light

A

cones

61
Q

the process of the lens changing shape to account for viewing near and far objects

A

accomodation

62
Q

near sightedness, caused when the eye is too long

A

myopia

63
Q

far sightedness, caused when the eye is too short

A

hyperopia

64
Q

pigment needed in order for the cones and rods to detect light

A

Rhodopsin

65
Q

vision problem where there is too much pressure in the eye, caused by irregular draining of vitreous and aqueous humours

A

glaucoma

66
Q

vision defect because of irregular curvature of the lens or cornea

A

astigmatism

67
Q

outer fleshy part of the ear, directs sound waves to the auditory canal

A

pinna

68
Q

long canal that leads from the pinna to the tympanic membrane, serves to amplify sound waves

A

auditory canal

69
Q

thin membrane found at the end of the auditory canal, changes sound energy into mechanical energy

A

tympanic membrane

70
Q

group of three small bones in the ear that conduct mechanical waves in the ears, called the hammer-malleus, anvil-incus, and stirrup-stapes

A

ossicles

71
Q

tube that leads from the middle ear to the back of the throat, serves to equalize pressure in the ear

A

eustachian tube

72
Q

small layer of tissue that covers the opening of the cochlea, receives waves from the stapes

A

oval window

73
Q

snail-shaped structure in the ear that is filled impulses to the brain

A

auditory nerve

74
Q

set of three fluid filled canals that control dynamic balance

A

semicircular canals

75
Q

small bones in the inner ear that detect the position of the head, static balance

A

otoliths

76
Q

small fluid filled sacs that contain otoliths in the inner ear

A

saccule/utricle

77
Q

hormone released by a pineal gland, associated with sleeping

A

melatonin

78
Q

found in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels

A

insulin

79
Q

fight or flight hormone, increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels

A

adrenaline

80
Q

increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract

A

noradrenaline

81
Q

the maintaining of a constant internal enviroment by reacting to stimuli, reactions can be carried out by any system in the body

A

homeostasis

Biology 3201 (3 decks)

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