Unit 1B Test Flashcards
(105 cards)
1
Q
system where hormones are dumped into the blood to help to maintain homeostasis
A
Endocrine System
2
Q
a gland that has a duct
A
Exocrine Gland
3
Q
a “ductless” gland that dumps hormones directly into the blood
A
Endocrine Gland
4
Q
chemical that is released into the blood to cause cells to carry out an action
A
Hormone
5
Q
hormone that is made up of fats such as chlolesterol
A
steroid hormone
6
Q
hormone made from a protein
A
non-steroid hormone
7
Q
“the master gland”, found at the base of the brain has two parts (posterior and anterior)
A
pituitary gland
8
Q
stores hormones created in the hypothalamus
A
anterior pituitary
9
Q
stores hormones created there
A
posterior pituitary
10
Q
found in the brain, controls the autonomic nervous system and the internal organs it also monitors the blood for hormone levels and causes the pituitary to react
A
hypothalamus
11
Q
found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to create sperm and the immature follicles to mature in females
A
follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
12
Q
found in the anterior pituitary causes the testicles to release testosterone and ovulation in females
A
luteinizing hormone (LH)
13
Q
found in the anterior pituitary causes the growth of cells
A
growth hormone (HGH)
14
Q
stimulates milk production in the female
A
prolactin
15
Q
causes thyroid to release thyroxin
A
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
16
Q
causes the adrenal gland to release hormones
A
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
17
Q
found in the posterior pituitary causes the uterus to contract and helps with the release of milk in females
A
oxytocin
18
Q
found in the posterior pituitary causes the kidneys to reabsorb water from the collecting tubules
A
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
19
Q
found in thyroid, increases the body’s metabolism and needs iodine to work properly
A
thyroxin
20
Q
found in thyroid, lowers calcium levels in the blood by inhibiting calcium release from the bones
A
calcitonin
21
Q
increase of the calcium level in the blood by causing the bones to release calcium
A
parathyroid hormone
22
Q
hormone released by pineal gland, associated with sleeping
A
melatonin
23
Q
found in the pancreas, lowers blood sugar levels
A
insulin
24
Q
increases sugar level by causing the liver to convert glycogen into glucose
A
glucagon
25
"fight or flight" hormone, increases blood sugar and constricts blood vessels
adrenaline
26
increases heart rate and causes muscles to contract
noradrenaline
27
hormone that regulates water levels by controlling salt levels in the blood, helps regulate blood pressure
aldosterone
28
causes the initial build up of the uterus, causes secondary sex characteristics to develop in females
estrogen
29
released by the corpus luteum, maintains the uterine lining during pregnancy
progesterone
30
causes sperm to mature in males, responsible for secondary sex characteristics in males
testosterone
31
hormones that are produced or affect the gonads of males and females
gonadotropins
32
the maintaining of a constant internal enviroment by reacting to stimuli, reactions can be carried out by any system in the body
homeostasis
33
controls the endocrine hormone system (as well as the autonomic nervous system) and maintains the body's internal enviroment
hypothalamus
34
ons & ols & gens
STEROID
35
how do steroid hormones work?
1. they enter a cell and bind to a protein receptor
2. complex enters the nucleus where it activates a specific gene in DNA
3. gene produces enzyme that initiates a chemical reaction within the cell
36
how do non-steroid hormones work?
1. the first messenger binds to receptors on the surfaces of the target cell
2. the binding causes ATP to be changed into CylicAMP
3. CylicAMP causes chemical reactions to occur within the cell
37
hormones that work against each other or have opposite effects on the body
antagonistic hormone
38
hormones that regulate the hormone production of many other glands
tropic hormones
39
an under secretion of a hormone within the body
hyposecretion
40
an over secretion of a hormone within the body
hypersecretion
41
a mechanism that works to "reverse" or "decrease" changes in the body
negative feedback mechanism
42
a mechanism that serves to "increase" the effect of an action
positive feedback mechanism
43
what does HGH do?
* regulates growth and development of body tissues
| * increases absorption of calcium increasing growth in bones and cartilage
44
what does ACTH do?
causes the adrenal cortex to produce cortisol and aldosterone
45
what does prolactin do?
* stimulates milk production
* stimulates development of mammary tissue
* during pregnancy, surpresses the production of LH which stops ovulation
46
what does TSH do?
stimulates the release of thyroxin
47
HGH target cells?
bones & tissues
48
ACTH target cells?
adrenal cortex
49
prolactin target cells?
mammary glands
50
TSH target cells?
thyroid gland
51
what does FSH do?
* causes the maturation of a follicle within an ovary
| * starts the development of sperm in males
52
what does LH do?
* causes follicle to release egg and forms the corpus luteum
| * stimulates the production of testosterone in males
53
FSH target cell?
ovaries & testes
54
LH target cell?
ovaries & testes
55
```
FSH
LH
ACTH
TSH
PROLACTIN
HGH
belongs to?
```
anterior pituitary
56
what does oxytocin do?
* causes muscles to contract to help expel baby
| * causes mammary glands to contract and produce milk
57
what does ADH do?
* regulates sodium levels in blood
* causes damaged blood vessels to constrict to reduce blood loss
* causes kidneys to retain water
58
oxytocin target cells?
uterine muscles and mammary glands
59
ADH target cells?
blood, arteries, and collecting ducts of kidneys
60
oxytocin
| ADH
posterior pituitary
61
ADH and oxytocin are created by _________________
hypothalamus
62
lots of ADH=
keep H2O
63
little ADH=
pee H2O
64
* caused by insufficient production of HGH during childhood
* causes an abnormally short stature
* can be treated by injections of HGH
dwarfism
65
* caused by excess production of HGH prior to puberty
* causes abnormal growth of long bones in the skeleton
* can be treated by microsurgery of pituitary, or radiation treatment of gland tissue
giganticism
66
* caused by excess HGH production during adult years
* causes thickening of bone tissue, causes abnormal growth of head, hands, and feet as well as spinal deformities
* can be treated by the surgical removal of the tumor which is causing too much HGH to be released, radiation of tumor, or injection of HGH blocking drug
acromegaly
67
* caused by insufficient production of ADH
* causes increased thirst and dehydration, production of high amounts of dilute urine, enlarged urinary bladder
* can be treated by injections of ADH to reverse effects
diabetes insipidus
68
dwarfism
giganticism
acromegaly
diabetes insipidus
problems associated with the pituitary gland
69
* located in the throat
| * butterfly-shaped and non-steroid
thyroid gland
70
thyroxin
| calcitonin
thyroid gland
71
what does thyroxin do?
thyroxin increases metabolism rate and oxygen consumption
72
what does calcitonin do?
moves calcium from the blood and into the bones
73
what has an antagonistic relationship with PTH?
calcium
74
located on the surface of the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
75
myxedema
congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism
goiter
hyposecretion of thyroxin
76
* adults become obese, lose appetite, and are often tired because of under production of thyroxin
* can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
myxedema
77
* children who are often short/stalky and often cognitively delayed
* can be treated by drugs that have thyroxin in them
congenital hypothyroidism or cretinism
78
* caused by lack of iodine
* patients end up with a swollen thyroid gland (looks like a large growth on the neck)
* can be treated by increasing iodine intake
* governments have added iodine to salt for years to counteract this problem
goiter
79
hypersecretion of thyroxin
grave's disease
80
* condition where there is an increased metabolism in a person
* later diagnosis increased sweating, muscle weakness, and portruding eyes
* can be treated by surgical removal of the thyroid gland or thyroid blocking drugs
grave's disease
81
made up of alpha and beta cells
islets of langerhans
82
bacon is always good
BETA - INSULIN
| ALPHA - GLUCAGON
83
located near the small entestine
pancreas
84
insulin
| glucagon
pancreas
85
what does insulin do?
* causes the conversion of glucose into glycogen
* causes excess glucose to be changed into fats
* helps regulate blood sugar levels
86
what does glucagon do?
•causes the conversion of glycogen into glucose that is released into the blood as needed
87
type 1 diabetes
| type 2 diabetes
disorders of the pancreas
88
* occurs in individuals under 20 years old
* caused by the beta cells of islets of langerhans being unable to produce enough insulin
* results in abnormally high levels of glucose in blood
* causes fatigue, thirst, weight loss, frequent urination, and/or blindness
* can be treated by insulin injections
diabetes mellitus
89
* occurs in people over 40 years old
* caused by dieting habits
* in this case, insulin in produced by pancreas but cells do not recognize it
* can be treated by strict control of carbohydrate intake to reduce amount of sugar in the blood
type 2 diabetes
90
who discovered insulin?
fredrick banting and charles best
91
produces melatonin
pineal gland
92
what does melatonin do?
•causes a feeling of "sleepiness" and aids with sleep
93
produces thymosin
thymus gland
94
what does thymosin do?
matures white blood cells into T-cells
95
consists of the adrenal cortex and the adrenal medulla
adrenal glands
96
aldosterone
cortisol
androgens
estrogens
adrenal cortex
97
what does aldosterone do?
regulates blood pressure and salt levels in the blood
98
what does cortisol do?
reduces inflammation and causes glucose to be made by the liver
99
adrenaline
noradrenaline
fight or flight
adrenal medulla
100
hormones released during times of stress
adrenaline and noradrenaline
101
what does the "fight or flight" hormone do?
increases heart rate, respiration rate, and release of glucose by the liver
102
cushings syndrome
| addison's disease
disorders related to the adrenal glands
103
* caused by excessive ACTH which raises the level of aldosterone/cortisol
* causes high blood pressure, high blood sugar, muscle weakness, and edema (fluid accumulation
* can be treated by drugs to block the production of the hormones causing the problems
* the cause may also be a tumour requiring surgery
Cushing's syndrome
104
* autoimmune disease where the adrenal cortex is destroyed
* deficiency in cortisol/aldosterone
* causes low blood pressure, low blood sugar, and weight loss
addison's disease
105
estrogen
| progesterone
ovaries
