Unit 2 Test Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
refers to a body cell; anything not a sex cell
A
somatic cell
2
Q
a continuous sequence of cell growth and division
A
cell cycle
3
Q
growth phase
A
interphase
4
Q
includes mitosis and cytokinesis
A
division stage
5
Q
separation of the cytoplasm and the formation of two new daughter cells; occurs after the telophase of mitosis
A
cytokinesis
6
Q
division of the cell’s nucleus where the daughter cells receive the exact number of chromosomes and genetic makeup as the parent cell
A
mitosis
7
Q
the original cell that divides during mitosis to form two new daughter cells
A
parent cell
8
Q
the cells produced during mitosis of a parent cell
A
daughter cell
9
Q
the long strands that form chromosomes and contain DNA, RNA, and various proteins, found in the nucleus of a cell
A
chromatin
10
Q
condensed chromatin structure formed when cells replicate
A
chromosome
11
Q
one half of a chromosome, two sister _________ are joined by a centromere to form a chromosome
A
chromatid
12
Q
is a region of DNA typically found near the middle of a chromosome where two identical sister chromatids come closest in contact
A
centromere
13
Q
a ___________ is a barrel-shaped cell structure involved in the organization of the mitotic spindle and in the completion of cytokinesis
A
centriole
14
Q
sex cells in males and females
A
gametes
15
Q
first part of mitosis reduces the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid
A
reduction division
16
Q
not directly involved in sex determination
A
autosomes
17
Q
some chromosomes will have genes from paternal origin and some from materials
A
result
18
Q
make an exact copy of an organism, either an entire organism (reproductive) or parts (therapeutic)
A
cloning
19
Q
blank slates of the human body, they are undifferentiated (non-specialized) cells that can give rise to any other type of cell
A
stem cells
20
Q
culturing of human cells for use in treatment of medical disorders
A
therapeutic cloning
21
Q
transplanting stem cells to replace damaged cells
A
cell transplant
22
Q
small round structures containing the diploid (2n) chromosome number of a parent cell
A
spores
23
Q
a flower possessing both male and female reproductive structures, this type of flower is capable of undergoing self-pollination
A
perfect flower
24
Q
a flower possessing either male or female reproductive structures only
A
imperfect flower
25
the male reproductive structure of a flower, made up of the anther and filament
stamen
26
small round structure located within the anther of a flower that contains the male sex cells
pollen
27
the outer wall of the microspore hardens
pollen grain
28
area inside an ovary where an egg and two polar nuclei are found, the __________ is the site of fertilization within a flower
ovule
29
nucleus within a pollen grain that forms the pollen tube in a flower
tube nucleus
30
nucleus within a pollen grain that produces two sperm nuclei or sperm
generative nucleus
31
hollow tube leading from the stigma to an ovule within the ovary of a flower
pollen tube
32
a fertilized egg, a diploid 2n structure
zygote
33
structure formed from the ovule of a flower, it contains the zygote (developing plant) and endosperm
seed
34
triploid (3n) structure formed when a sperm nucleus fuses with the two polar nuclei within an ovule, this is a food source within a seed for a developing plant embryo
endosperm
35
a swollen ovary of a plant, it surrounds and helps to protect developing seeds
fruit
36
what are the two main stages of mitosis?
interphase and division stage
37
the stage which includes g1, s phase, and g2
interphase
38
the cell carries out metabolic activities and prepares for cell division
gap 1
39
phase in which the DNA is replicated
s phase
40
centrioles replicate and cell prepares for division
gap 2
41
stage which includes the shortest events in the cell cycle; PMAT and cytokinesis
division stage
42
the cell you start with
parent cell
43
produced during mitosis of a parent cell
daughter cell
44
how many cells do mitosis produce?
two
45
why is mitosis important?
- new cells are needed for growth and repair
- cells can regenerate cuts
- cells that do not function must be replaced
- cells die (blood cells)
- chromosome number must be maintained
46
a parent cell replicates to produce a daughter cell with the same number of chromosomes
when human somatic cells undergo mitosis
47
centrioles migrate to opposite ends of the cell
prophase
48
nuclear membrane disappears
prophase
49
spindle fibres form between the two centrioles
final step of prophase
50
spindle fibres from one pole attach to one chromatid and so on
metaphase
51
centromere splits apart and chromatids are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres
anaphase
52
spindle fibres are no longer needed so they now break down and disappear
telophase
53
chromatids have reached two opposite poles
telophase
54
nucleolus reappears
telophase
55
nuclear membrane forms around each new set of chromosomes
telophase
56
cytoplasm divides between the two halves of the cell
cytokinesis
57
in animal cells an indentation of the membrane between two daughter cells forms and deepens
cytokinesis
58
in plant cells a new cell wall and membrane form and separate the newly formed nuclei
cytokinesis
59
_______________ that occur in parent cells are passed down to daughter cells
mutations
60
___________ cells divide more rapidly than any other type of body cells
cancer
61
works by damaging the chromosomes in a cell so it is unable to divide
radiation therapy
62
some drugs attack dividing cells as they divide or prevent cells from dividing
chemotherapy
63
affects the entire body
chemotherapy
64
healthy cells are also affected in this treatment
chemotherapy
65
side effects of radiation
skin inflammation & fatigue
66
side effects of chemotherapy
hair loss, nausea, diarrhea
67
_________ can be permanent
sterility
68
what is the goal of cancer research?
to find a treatment that affects cancerous cells and leaves the healthy cells unharmed
69
a ___________ contains chromosomes from both parents but does not contain double the number of chromosomes found in each body cell
zygote
70
____________ contain 22 autosomes and 1 sex cell
gamete
71
there is an extra stage of phases in
meiosis
72
each pair of homologous chromosomes become aligned
prophase I
73
mothers chromosome
material origin
74
fathers chromosome
paternal
75
have the same characteristics but are not identical and can have different forms of genes called alleles
homologous chromosomes
76
crossing over occcurs in ________
prophase I
77
spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome
metaphase I
78
chromosomes line up in a homologous pair so that one of each homologous pair is on a different side of the equator
metaphase I
79
chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres
anaphase I
80
telophase I does not occur in all cells, if it does not occur then the cell begins the ____________ process
meiosis II
81
cytoplasm is divided
telophase I
82
nuclear membrane forms around new homologous chromosomes
telophase I
83
when the phases are identical to mitosis
meiosis II
84
each cell beginning is haploid
meiosis II
85
in __________ the daughter cells develop into gametes and in ________ they turn into spores or gametes
animals & plants in meiosis II
86
final product of spermatogenesis
four haploid sperm cells
87
process begins with a diploid cell called oogonium which enlarges and undergoes meiosis I and II
oogenesis
88
egg cells produce
x chromosomes
89
sperm cells produce
x or y chromosomes
90
have a cap called an acrosome which contains enzymes used to enter the egg cell
sperm
91
covered by a thick outer coating
egg
92
sperm uses what before and after ejaculation?
before: uses fat for energy
after: uses sugar for energy
93
how does cloning work?
- nucleus of an egg cell is removed
- diploid nucleus of the organism is placed into the empty egg cell
- egg cell is implanted into the mothers uterus
94
mainly found in the bone marrow
stem cells
95
sources of stem cells?
aborted fetuses, un-used embryos from in-vitro fertilization treatments, and cord blood
96
risks of embryological stem cells?
- body may reject
- could contain viruses or diseases
- may lead to tumours
97
risks of adult stem cells?
- more research is necessary
- difficult to find in mature tissues
- techniques not developed
98
* ability to divide and renew themselves for a long period of time
* unspecialized
* ability to differentiate into specialized cells
embryonic stem cells
99
involves two sets of DNA and chromosomes and are created by the sperm and egg
sexual reproduction
100
involves 1 set of DNA and chromosomes and is created through mitotic devices
asexual reproduction
101
types of asexual reproduction
* budding
* binary fission
* spore production
* fragmentation
* parthenogenesis
102
where an outgrowth occurs on an organism that later breaks off and grows into an entire organism ex: yeast & hydra
budding
103
where mitosis divides the DNA in an organism, the organism splits to create two new organisms
ex: bacteria
binary fission
104
where mitotic cell divisions create a series of spores that grow into new organisms, which are released from spore sacs ex: fungi (bread mold)
spore production
105
where a portion of an organism breaks off, the broken piece is then able to grow into a full organism ex: starfish
fragmentation
106
where an organism produces haploid unfertilized eggs that grow into adults ex: insects
parthenogenesis
107
flowers that reproduce
angiosperms (covered seed plants)
108
_________ have no dependence on water for reproduction
angiosperms
109
the female reproductive structure of a flower
pistil
110
three parts of the pistil
stigma, style, & ovary
111
sticky portion on top of the style in a flower, used to trap pollen from the air for reproduction
stigma
112
long slender tube leading from the stigma to the ovary in a flower, used to provide a passage way for pollen leading to the ovary
style
113
reproductive structure of a flower that contains eggs which are created by meiosis, used to provide the site of fertilization within a flower
ovary
114
the male reproductive structure of a flower
stamen
115
two parts of the stamen
anther and filament
116
reproductive structure of a flower that contains pollen which is created by meiosis, used to create pollen for fertilization
anther
117
long slender stalk that holds up the anther
filament
118
egg formation within a flower
diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create 4 haploid cells three of them die, then that haploid cell undergoes mitosis three times creating 8 haploid cells
119
pollen formation within a flower
diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create four haploid cells which then go through mitosis to create two haploid nuclei each known as the generative and tube nucleus
120
one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell which develops into endosperm
double fertilization
121
each pair of homologous chromosomes become aligned
prophase I
122
mothers chromosome
material origin
123
fathers chromosome
paternal
124
have the same characteristics but are not identical and can have different forms of genes called alleles
homologous chromosomes
125
crossing over occcurs in ________
prophase I
126
spindle fibres attach to the centromere of each chromosome
metaphase I
127
chromosomes line up in a homologous pair so that one of each homologous pair is on a different side of the equator
metaphase I
128
chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell by spindle fibres
anaphase I
129
telophase I does not occur in all cells, if it does not occur then the cell begins the ____________ process
meiosis II
130
cytoplasm is divided
telophase I
131
nuclear membrane forms around new homologous chromosomes
telophase I
132
when the phases are identical to mitosis
meiosis II
133
each cell beginning is haploid
meiosis II
134
in __________ the daughter cells develop into gametes and in ________ they turn into spores or gametes
animals & plants in meiosis II
135
final product of spermatogenesis
four haploid sperm cells
136
process begins with a diploid cell called oogonium which enlarges and undergoes meiosis I and II
oogenesis
137
egg cells produce
x chromosomes
138
sperm cells produce
x or y chromosomes
139
have a cap called an acrosome which contains enzymes used to enter the egg cell
sperm
140
covered by a thick outer coating
egg
141
sperm uses what before and after ejaculation?
before: uses fat for energy
after: uses sugar for energy
142
how does cloning work?
- nucleus of an egg cell is removed
- diploid nucleus of the organism is placed into the empty egg cell
- egg cell is implanted into the mothers uterus
143
mainly found in the bone marrow
stem cells
144
sources of stem cells?
aborted fetuses, un-used embryos from in-vitro fertilization treatments, and cord blood
145
risks of embryological stem cells?
- body may reject
- could contain viruses or diseases
- may lead to tumours
146
risks of adult stem cells?
- more research is necessary
- difficult to find in mature tissues
- techniques not developed
147
* ability to divide and renew themselves for a long period of time
* unspecialized
* ability to differentiate into specialized cells
embryonic stem cells
148
involves two sets of DNA and chromosomes and are created by the sperm and egg
sexual reproduction
149
involves 1 set of DNA and chromosomes and is created through mitotic devices
asexual reproduction
150
types of asexual reproduction
* budding
* binary fission
* spore production
* fragmentation
* parthenogenesis
151
where an outgrowth occurs on an organism that later breaks off and grows into an entire organism ex: yeast & hydra
budding
152
where mitosis divides the DNA in an organism, the organism splits to create two new organisms
ex: bacteria
binary fission
153
where mitotic cell divisions create a series of spores that grow into new organisms, which are released from spore sacs ex: fungi (bread mold)
spore production
154
where a portion of an organism breaks off, the broken piece is then able to grow into a full organism ex: starfish
fragmentation
155
where an organism produces haploid unfertilized eggs that grow into adults ex: insects
parthenogenesis
156
flowers that reproduce
angiosperms (covered seed plants)
157
_________ have no dependence on water for reproduction
angiosperms
158
the female reproductive structure of a flower
pistil
159
three parts of the pistil
stigma, style, & ovary
160
sticky portion on top of the style in a flower, used to trap pollen from the air for reproduction
stigma
161
long slender tube leading from the stigma to the ovary in a flower, used to provide a passage way for pollen leading to the ovary
style
162
reproductive structure of a flower that contains eggs which are created by meiosis, used to provide the site of fertilization within a flower
ovary
163
the male reproductive structure of a flower
stamen
164
two parts of the stamen
anther and filament
165
reproductive structure of a flower that contains pollen which is created by meiosis, used to create pollen for fertilization
anther
166
long slender stalk that holds up the anther
filament
167
egg formation within a flower
diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create 4 haploid cells three of them die, then that haploid cell undergoes mitosis three times creating 8 haploid cells
168
pollen formation within a flower
diploid cell undergoes meiosis to create four haploid cells which then go through mitosis to create two haploid nuclei each known as the generative and tube nucleus
169
one sperm fertilizes the egg while the other fuses the two polar nuclei forming a triploid cell which develops into endosperm
double fertilization
