UNIT 1 - THE BLOOD 🩸 Flashcards
(197 cards)
1
Q
What is the main role of blood?
A
The main role of blood is to move oxygen and carbon dioxide.
2
Q
What does blood transport to cells?
A
Oxygen and nutrients.
3
Q
What does blood transport away from cells?
A
Carbon dioxide and wastes.
4
Q
How does blood help in regulation?
A
It helps maintain stable body temperature, pH, water, and electrolyte balance.
5
Q
What is the normal pH range of blood?
A
pH 7.35-7.45.
6
Q
How does blood prevent fluid loss?
A
By maintaining proper circulation and pressure.
7
Q
What role do white blood cells play?
A
Protection against disease.
8
Q
What is the composition of blood?
A
Blood is composed of Plasma (55%), Buffy Coat (<1%), and Erythrocytes (45%).
9
Q
What percentage of blood is Plasma?
A
Plasma makes up 55% of blood.
10
Q
What are the main components of Plasma?
A
Plasma consists of Water (90%), Electrolytes, Organic solutes, and Nitrogenous Wastes.
11
Q
What is the percentage of Buffy Coat in blood?
A
Buffy Coat constitutes less than 1% of blood.
12
Q
What percentage of blood is made up of Erythrocytes?
A
Erythrocytes account for 45% of blood.
13
Q
What is the percentage of blood volume that plasma constitutes?
A
Plasma constitutes 55% of blood volume.
14
Q
What are the main components of plasma?
A
Plasma contains water, electrolytes, organic solutes, and nitrogenous wastes.
15
Q
What are examples of electrolytes found in plasma?
A
Examples of electrolytes include Na+, Ca2+, and HCO3-.
16
Q
What are examples of organic solutes in plasma?
A
Examples of organic solutes include glucose, albumin, and hormones.
17
Q
What are nitrogenous wastes found in plasma?
A
Nitrogenous wastes include urea, uric acid, and creatinine.
18
Q
What is the percentage of blood volume that the buffy coat constitutes?
A
The buffy coat constitutes less than 1% of blood volume.
19
Q
What does the buffy coat contain?
A
The buffy coat contains leukocytes and platelets.
20
Q
What percentage of blood volume do erythrocytes constitute?
A
Erythrocytes constitute 45% of blood volume.
21
Q
What percentage of our blood do erythrocytes make up?
A
Erythrocytes make up 45% of our blood.
22
Q
What does it mean that erythrocytes are anucleate?
A
Erythrocytes are anucleate, meaning they have no nucleus.
23
Q
Do erythrocytes contain mitochondria?
A
No, erythrocytes do not have mitochondria.
24
Q
What is the shape of erythrocytes?
A
Erythrocytes have a biconcave shape.
25
Why is the biconcave shape of erythrocytes important?
The biconcave shape increases the overall surface area, allowing for greater gas exchange.
26
What are erythrocytes filled with?
Erythrocytes are filled with hemoglobin.
27
What is hemoglobin?
A large complex protein found in erythrocytes.
28
What does iron (Fe2+) in hemoglobin do?
It binds oxygen.
29
What do globin groups in hemoglobin bind?
Some carbon dioxide.
30
What color is oxygenated blood in textbooks?
Red.
31
What color is deoxygenated blood in textbooks?
Blue.
32
What are leukocytes?
Leukocytes are white blood cells that use the blood to transport to other tissues to defend the body.
33
What are the types of leukocytes?
The types of leukocytes include Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils, Lymphocytes, and Monocytes.
34
What are granulocytes?
Granulocytes are leukocytes that contain visible cytoplasmic granules that can aid in destroying pathogens.
35
What are agranulocytes?
Agranulocytes are leukocytes that lack cytoplasmic granules.
36
What is the primary function of platelets?
Platelets plug tears in the vasculature to prevent blood loss.
37
How do platelets aid in hemostasis?
Platelets aid in the process of hemostasis by forming an initial plug to stop blood loss.
38
What are platelets?
Platelets are cell fragments.
39
What role do platelets play in stopping blood loss?
Platelets aid in stopping blood loss by forming a plug and assisting in clot formation.
40
What are erythrocytes commonly known as?
RBC
41
What is the main role of erythrocytes?
Gas transport
42
What gas is transported to tissues by erythrocytes?
Oxygen
43
What gas is transported to the lungs by erythrocytes?
Carbon dioxide
44
What are leukocytes?
Leukocytes are white blood cells (WBC) that are part of the immune system and help destroy pathogens.
45
What are the two main categories of leukocytes?
Leukocytes are categorized into granulocytes and agranulocytes.
46
How many types of leukocytes are there?
There are five types of leukocytes.
47
What is the most common type of leukocyte?
The most common type of leukocyte is neutrophils.
## Footnote
Neutrophils are often remembered with the phrase 'Never'.
48
What is the second type of leukocyte?
The second type of leukocyte is lymphocytes.
## Footnote
Lymphocytes are often remembered with the phrase 'Let'.
49
What is the third type of leukocyte?
The third type of leukocyte is monocytes.
## Footnote
Monocytes are often remembered with the phrase 'Monkeys'.
50
What is the fourth type of leukocyte?
The fourth type of leukocyte is eosinophils.
## Footnote
Eosinophils are often remembered with the phrase 'Eat'.
51
What is the least common type of leukocyte?
The least common type of leukocyte is basophils.
## Footnote
Basophils are often remembered with the phrase 'Bananas'.
52
What is the most common leukocyte?
Neutrophils
53
What attracts neutrophils?
Injured cells
54
How do neutrophils move to the site of injury?
Via chemotaxis
55
What do neutrophils do to pathogens?
Engulf and destroy them
56
What are leukocytes?
Leukocytes are white blood cells that are part of the immune system.
57
What type of immune system do lymphocytes belong to?
Lymphocytes are part of the specific immune system.
58
What types of cells do lymphocytes become?
Lymphocytes become B-cells and T-cells.
59
What is a potential issue with lymphocytes targeting specific flu strains?
If they target Flu 2019, they may not recognize Flu 2024.
60
What do monocytes convert into when they enter tissues?
Monocytes convert into macrophages.
## Footnote
Macrophages means BIG EATER!
61
How do monocytes move?
Monocytes move via chemotaxis.
62
What are macrophages capable of doing?
Macrophages are capable of devouring large quantities of pathogens.
63
What are eosinophils?
A type of leukocyte that can release chemicals to destroy parasites.
64
What do eosinophils attack?
Parasites in the body.
65
What conditions are eosinophils associated with?
Some allergies and cancers.
66
What are basophils?
Leukocytes that stimulate inflammation and are associated with allergies.
67
What role do basophils play in inflammation?
They stimulate inflammation, which brings more blood to areas to aid the healing process.
68
What is an example of an allergen?
Pollen is an allergen.
69
What is hematopoiesis?
Hematopoiesis is the process of creating all formed elements (cells of the blood) in red bone marrow.
70
What determines the type of blood cells produced?
Different cells are made based on different endocrine hormones.
71
What are hematopoietic stem cells?
Hematopoietic stem cells can become different cell types.
72
What influences the type of blood cell made?
The type of blood cell made is based on which hormones are in circulation.
73
Where do the hormones that influence blood cell production come from?
These hormones come from other organs and act like work orders for blood cell production.
74
What types of blood cells are mentioned?
The types of blood cells mentioned are erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets.
75
What is erythropoiesis?
Erythropoiesis is the formation of erythrocytes in red bone marrow.
76
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
Erythropoiesis occurs in red bone marrow.
77
What cells are found in red bone marrow?
Red bone marrow contains hematocytoblasts.
78
What role does erythropoietin play in erythropoiesis?
When erythropoietin is present, hematopoietic cells mature into erythrocytes.
79
What is the hormone involved in erythropoiesis?
The hormone involved in erythropoiesis is erythropoietin.
80
What is erythropoiesis?
The process of producing red blood cells (RBCs).
81
When does erythropoiesis occur?
When the oxygen concentration of the blood is too low.
82
Where does erythropoiesis occur?
In the red bone marrow.
83
What do RBCs do?
They pick up oxygen.
84
What happens to oxygen levels during erythropoiesis?
Oxygen levels return to homeostasis.
85
How do kidneys respond to low oxygen levels?
They monitor oxygen levels and release erythropoietin (EPO).
86
What is erythropoietin (EPO)?
A hormone released by the kidneys.
87
What is the lifespan of erythrocytes?
Erythrocytes live about 120 days.
88
What monitors the condition of red blood cells (RBCs)?
The spleen monitors RBCs.
89
What happens to stiff RBCs in the spleen?
Macrophages within the spleen will break down the RBCs.
90
What components are recycled when erythrocytes are destroyed?
Most of their components, including iron and globins (proteins), are recycled back into circulation.
91
What is the heme group processed into after erythrocyte destruction?
The heme group is processed into bilirubin by the liver.
92
What is bilirubin transformed into by the liver?
Bilirubin is eventually transformed into bile.
93
What is the function of bile?
Bile helps digest lipids/fats.
94
What happens to hemoglobin as erythrocytes circulate?
Hemoglobin gets damaged and gummed up, making erythrocytes stiffer.
95
What is urobilinogen?
Urobilinogen is a product formed from the breakdown of bilirubin.
96
What is the final product of oxidized urobilinogen in urine?
Urobilin is the final product of oxidized urobilinogen in urine.
97
What is the final product of oxidized urobilinogen in feces?
Stercobilin is the final product of oxidized urobilinogen in feces.
98
What is hyperbilirubinemia?
High bilirubin levels, a condition known as hyperbilirubinemia, can indicate several potential health issues.
99
What is bilirubin?
Bilirubin is a yellow compound that is formed from the breakdown of red blood cells and is processed by the liver.
100
What liver conditions can cause elevated bilirubin levels?
Diseases such as hepatitis, cirrhosis, or liver tumors can impair the liver's ability to process bilirubin.
101
What is bile duct obstruction?
Conditions like gallstones, tumors, or inflammation can block bile ducts, preventing bilirubin from being excreted and leading to accumulation.
102
What is hemolytic anemia?
Increased destruction of red blood cells, as seen in conditions like sickle cell disease or certain autoimmune disorders, can lead to excess bilirubin production.
103
What genetic disorders affect bilirubin metabolism?
Conditions like Gilbert's syndrome or Crigler-Najjar syndrome can affect bilirubin metabolism.
104
How can infections or inflammatory diseases affect bilirubin levels?
Certain infections or conditions that cause inflammation in the liver can elevate bilirubin levels.
105
How does alcohol abuse affect bilirubin processing?
Chronic excessive alcohol consumption can damage liver cells, affecting bilirubin processing.
106
What are the symptoms of high bilirubin levels?
High bilirubin levels can present symptoms such as jaundice (yellowing of the skin and eyes), dark urine, pale stools, and itching.
107
What is blood doping?
Any activity that increases oxygen carrying capacity of the blood to enhance athletic performance.
108
What hormone is commonly injected for blood doping?
Erythropoietin (EPO).
109
What is one method of blood doping?
Remove blood and refrigerate, allow the athlete time to make blood, reinsert refrigerated blood before competition.
110
What is the regular hematocrit level in blood?
Around 45%.
111
How does high altitude exercise affect EPO levels?
Your body senses a drop in oxygen and the kidneys will release more EPO.
112
What advantage does increased EPO provide to athletes?
They can carry more oxygen which enables them to work more.
113
What was the response of Anton Shipulin regarding doping accusations?
He said he was 'angry and furious about the witch hunt that is going on.'
114
Which publication reported on the doping accusations against Russian biathletes?
The New York Times.
115
What are the five types of leukocytes?
Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
## Footnote
From most common to least common: Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas.
116
What is leukopoiesis?
The process of leukocyte formation.
117
Where do hematopoietic cells convert to different forms of leukocytes?
In the red bone marrow.
118
What stimulates the formation of leukocytes?
Colony stimulating factors (CSF) from various tissues of the immune system and interleukins released by Helper T-cells.
119
What is thrombopoiesis?
Thrombopoiesis is the process of platelet formation.
120
What monitors platelet levels in the blood?
The liver monitors platelet levels in the blood.
121
What happens if platelet levels are low?
If platelet levels are low, the liver releases the hormone thrombopoietin.
122
What does thrombopoietin do?
Thrombopoietin causes hematopoietic cells in the red bone marrow to convert into platelets.
123
What is erythropoiesis?
The process of producing erythrocytes (red blood cells).
## Footnote
Occurs in red bone marrow and is triggered by kidneys releasing EPO in response to hypoxia.
124
What is leukopoiesis?
The process of producing leukocytes (white blood cells).
## Footnote
Occurs in red bone marrow and is triggered by the immune system releasing interleukin and CSF in response to need.
125
What is thrombopoiesis?
The process of producing platelets.
## Footnote
Occurs in red bone marrow and is triggered by the liver releasing thrombopoietin in response to low platelet count.
126
What is hypoxia?
A condition when the body has low oxygen levels.
127
What happens if a blood vessel is torn?
Blood vessel damage threatens homeostasis.
128
What must blood do to stop blood loss?
The blood must form a plug to stop blood loss as quickly as possible.
129
What is hemostasis?
Hemostasis is the process with which blood loss is minimized and eventually stopped.
130
What is vascular spasm?
A reaction of a blood vessel to injury by decreasing its diameter, which helps to pinch off the area that's leaking.
131
What is a platelet plug?
A temporary aggregation of platelets that forms at the site of a blood vessel injury to help stop bleeding.
132
What is coagulation?
The process by which blood changes from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
133
What is clot retraction?
The process where the clot contracts to reduce its size and help close the wound.
134
What is thrombolysis?
The breakdown of blood clots by the body or through medical intervention.
135
What happens when a vessel is injured?
Blood leaks into extracellular fluid and the blood vessel reacts to damage.
136
What is vascular spasm?
A temporary constriction of blood vessels.
137
What role do platelets play in hemostasis?
Platelets bind to damaged regions of blood vessels.
138
What is platelet aggregation?
The process where more platelets bind to the initial plug.
139
What is coagulation?
The process of blood clot formation.
140
What is a clot?
A mass formed from platelets and fibrin that stops bleeding.
141
What is a plug in the context of hemostasis?
A temporary structure formed by aggregated platelets.
142
What is retraction in hemostasis?
The process where the clot contracts to reduce its size.
143
What happens when damaged cells are exposed to blood?
Platelets begin to bind to the damaged regions.
144
What are intrinsic factors in blood?
Certain components circulating in the blood that can help if needed.
145
What is tissue factor?
A substance from a damaged region that initiates blood coagulation.
146
What is prothrombin?
A precursor to thrombin, which is activated to form thrombin.
147
What is thrombin?
An enzyme that actively makes a clot.
148
What is fibrin?
A threaded molecule that weaves itself to stop blood loss.
149
What is blood coagulation?
Thrombus formation, also known as a 'stationary blood clot.'
150
What is clot retraction?
The process where the clot squeezes, bringing the edges of the wound together.
151
What is fibrinogen?
A soluble plasma protein that is converted into fibrin during blood coagulation.
152
What is vascular spasm?
A temporary constriction of blood vessels that occurs in response to injury.
153
What happens after a vascular spasm?
The region is going to heal.
154
What is a platelet plug?
A temporary aggregation of platelets that forms at the site of a blood vessel injury.
155
What is thrombolysis?
The process by which a healed blood vessel releases enzymes to degrade the thrombus.
156
How long does thrombolysis take?
Hours, days, or weeks depending on severity and health of patient.
157
What is clot retraction?
The process of the clot shrinking and becoming more compact.
158
What is coagulation?
The process of blood changing from a liquid to a gel, forming a blood clot.
159
What is the purpose of clot regulation?
Clot formation must be inhibited when not needed.
160
What is a potential risk of blood clots?
Blood clots have the potential to block blood flow.
161
What is an embolism?
An embolism is a free floating blood clot.
162
What are the three anticoagulants released by healthy blood vessels?
1. Antithrombin
2. Heparan
3. Protein C
163
What is heparin?
Heparin is an important anticoagulant (blood thinner) commonly used in medical settings.
164
What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
Heparin works by activating antithrombin III, which inhibits thrombin and factor Xa in the coagulation cascade, reducing blood clotting.
165
What are the uses of heparin?
Heparin is used to prevent blood clots in conditions like deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE), and during surgeries. It is also used to treat existing clots, such as in acute coronary syndrome and myocardial infarction.
166
What are the formulations of heparin?
Heparin is available as Unfractionated Heparin (UFH) and Low Molecular Weight Heparin (LMWH), such as enoxaparin (Lovenox) and dalteparin (Fragmin).
167
How is unfractionated heparin monitored?
The effect of unfractionated heparin is monitored via activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) tests.
168
Does Low Molecular Weight Heparin require routine monitoring?
LMWH typically does not require routine monitoring, though anti-factor Xa assays may be used in certain patients.
169
What factors influence heparin dosing?
Dosing depends on the indication and is adjusted based on patient-specific factors such as body weight and renal function.
170
What are common side effects of heparin?
Common side effects include bleeding (hemorrhage), thrombocytopenia (low platelet count), and injection site reactions.
171
What is a serious complication of heparin?
A serious complication is heparin-induced thrombocytopenia (HIT), an immune reaction leading to increased clotting risk.
172
What are the contraindications for heparin?
Heparin is contraindicated in patients with active bleeding, a history of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia, or conditions that predispose them to bleeding.
173
Why is understanding heparin important for healthcare professionals?
Understanding heparin's proper use, mechanisms, and potential complications is crucial for healthcare professionals involved in patient care.
174
What are blood types?
Blood types are glycoproteins on the outside of erythrocytes.
175
What do glycoproteins communicate?
Glycoproteins communicate that a cell belongs to 'self'.
176
What happens to anything 'non-self'?
Anything 'non-self' is attacked by the immune system.
177
How many glycoproteins are there in humans?
In humans, there are three glycoproteins: Type A, Type B, and Rh factor.
178
What is the Rh factor?
Rh factor indicates whether a person has it (+) or does not have it (-).
179
What does a positive Rh factor mean?
Positive (+) means the person has the Rh factor.
180
What does a negative Rh factor mean?
Negative (-) means the person does not have the Rh factor.
181
What are agglutinins?
Agglutinins are antibodies that will stick to foreign blood.
182
What happens when foreign blood is present?
Foreign blood will bind together and be attacked by cells of the immune system.
183
Why is it important to prevent agglutination during blood transfusions?
We want to prevent agglutination to ensure that if someone's getting a blood transfusion, they're getting the correct blood.
184
What is an ABO Incompatibility Reaction?
A strong feeling that something bad is about to happen.
185
What are some symptoms of ABO Incompatibility Reaction?
Fever and chills, breathing difficulties, muscle aches, nausea, chest, abdominal, or back pain, blood in the urine, jaundice.
186
What can happen if ABO Incompatibility Reaction is not treated?
It can be deadly if not prevented or treated quickly.
187
What should be on hand for ABO Incompatibility Reaction?
We need to have immunosuppressants on hand.
188
What are A glycoproteins?
A glycoproteins are a type of glycoprotein found in blood.
189
What are B glycoproteins?
B glycoproteins are another type of glycoprotein found in blood.
190
What are Rh glycoproteins?
Rh glycoproteins are glycoproteins associated with the Rh blood group.
191
What does AB- blood type indicate?
AB- blood has both A glycoproteins and B glycoproteins, but lacks Rh glycoproteins.
192
What does it mean if a person has anti-Rh agglutinins?
It means the person has antibodies against Rh glycoproteins.
193
What blood types can a person with A+ successfully receive?
A+, B+, AB+, O+, A-, B-, AB-, O-
194
What blood types can a person with AB- receive?
A+, B+, AB+, 0+, A-, B-, AB-
195
If a person is O+, what blood types can they successfully receive?
A+
B+
AB+
O+
A-
B-
AB-
O-
196
If a person is O+, what blood types can they successfully receive?
A+
B+
AB+
O+
A-
B-
AB-
O-
197
If a person is O+, what blood types can they successfully receive?
A+
B+
AB+
O+
A-
B-
AB-
O-
