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ITAL Exam 4 > Unit 11 > Flashcards

Unit 11 Flashcards

1
Q

What’re impersonal expressions (espressioni impersonali)?

A

impersonal expressions are general statements with NO SPECIFIED SUBJECT!

eg. è bello dormire 9 ore = It’s nice to sleep 9 hours
è bene mangiare l’insalata = It’s good to eat salad

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2
Q

What’re “espressioni impersonali”?

A

impersonal expressions!

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3
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s enough to
  2. it’s necessary to
A
  1. it’s enough to is BASTA

2. It’s necessary to is BISOGNA

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4
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s nice to
  2. it’s good to
A
  1. it’s nice to is È BELLO

4. it’s good to is È BENE

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5
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s right to
  2. è difficile/facile
A
  1. è giusto means IT’S RIGHT TO

6. è difficile/facile means IT’S DIFFICULT/EASY TO

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6
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s possible/impossible to
  2. it’s likely/unlikely to
A
  1. it’s possible/impossible to is È POSSIBILE / IMPOSSIBILE

8. it’s likely/unlikely to is È PROBABILE / IMPROBABILE

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7
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. è meglio
  2. è male
A
  1. è meglio means IT’S BETTER TO

10. è male means IT’S BAD TO

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8
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s time to
  2. it’s a pity
A
  1. it’s time to is È ORA

12. it’s a pity is È UN PECCATO

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9
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. è strano
A
  1. è strano means IT’S STRANGE TO
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10
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. pare/sembra
A
  1. pare/sembra means IT SEEMS
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11
Q

How do you use “espressioni impersonali” (impersonal expressions)?

A
  • use espressioni impersonali with INFINITIVE VERBS!
  1. IE before the infinitive
    • means it is (IE) TO VERB
  2. IE after the infinitive
    • means VERB-ING is (IE)
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12
Q

espressioni impersonali

  1. it’s inappropriate / appropriate to
A
  1. it’s appropriate is È OPPORTUNO

15b. it’s not appropriate È INOPPORTUNO

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13
Q

How do you use espressioni impersonali “it’s time to” in a sentence?

A
  1. when no specified subject, you need the preposition “DI” after it!
    • è ora DI + infinitive

eg. è ora di dormire bene = it’s time to sleep well

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14
Q

What’re the rules for using espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. use impersonal expressions with INFINITIVE verbs only!
    • eg. è bello imparare italiano = it’s nice to learn Italian
  2. if subjects are unspecified, make the adjectives in that sentence MASCULINE PLURAL
    • eg. è meglio essere felici che ricchi = it’s better to be happy than rich
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15
Q

What does the word “essere” mean as an infinitive verb?

A

it literally means “TO BE”

- eg. è meglio essere felici che ricchi = it's better to be happy than rich
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16
Q

How do you NEGATE an espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

A

put “non” in front of è (the verb as usual!)

eg. non è difficile = it’s not hard to

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17
Q

What’re the ways to use espressioni impersonali in a sentence?

*VERY IMPORTANT!

A
  1. put the impersonal expression BEFORE the infinitive
    • infinitive means “to (verb)”
    • eg. è bello dormire 9 ore = It’s nice to sleep 9 hours
  2. put the impersonal expression AFTER the infinitive
    • infinitive means “(verb)-ing”
    • eg. mangiare verdure è bene = eating vegetables is good
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18
Q

prendere

A

to take

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19
Q

in my opinion

A
  1. secondo me

2. a mio parere

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20
Q

temo che

A

I’m afraid that

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21
Q

me sembra

A

it seems to me

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22
Q

ti assicuro

A

I assure you

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23
Q

ultimamente

A

lately

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24
Q

sicuramente

A

surely

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25
sperare
to hope
26
dopo che
after that
27
così
so - used to describe order of events - eg. I was worried and so....
28
mi pare
I think
29
prima
before
30
sono sicuro, non sono sicuro
1, sono sicuro means I'M SURE 2. non sono sicuro means I'M NOT SURE
31
magari
let's hope
32
a mio parere, secondo me
BOTH MEAN in my opinion
33
anche se
though
34
fino ad
until (specific time) eg. fino ad oggi = until today
35
What's the "congiuntivo presente"?
the "congiuntivo presente" is the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it's necessary that Enrique is punctual.
36
What's the indicative mood? 1. uses 2. forms
Used for 1. certain statements 2. facts Forms: 1. present 2. imperfetto 3. futuro semplice 4. passato prossimo
37
What's il congiuntivo? *VERY IMPORTANT!
1. il congiuntivo is the SUBJUNCTIVE. 2. for statements that aren't certain/factual: mental things, hypothetical situations, uncertain situations, relative superlatives 3. conjugate the subjunctive verb for the SECOND subordinate clause! eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it's necessary that Enrique is punctual.
38
How do you define "il congiuntivo"? (6)
The SUBJUNCTIVE expresses statements that AREN'T certain or factual 1. emotions 2. opinions 3. desires 4. subjective attitude towards events 5. hypothetical actions and states 6. uncertain actions and states
39
How do you form the "il congiuntivo" (general)? *VERY IMPORTANT!
forming the general subjunctive: 1. a main clause "che (that)" connects to a subordinate clause containing the SUBJUNCTIVE-CONJUGATED VERB 2. the main clause contains a verb or impersonal expression (IE) that triggers the subjunctive in the 2nd clause eg. È necesario che Enrique sia puntuale = it's necessary that Enrique is punctual.
40
How to say "that" in Italian?
che - use it for forming the il congiuntivo (subjunctive)
41
How do you use the impersonal expression with an UNSPECIFIED vs. SPECIFIED subject? eg. 1. It's important to work every day 2. It's important that I work every day
1. with unspecified subject use the SIMPLE IE structure - IE + infinitive (either before or after depending on verb's meaning) 2. with specified subject use the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE "CHE" structure - (IE) + CHE + (present subjunctive-conjugated verb) eg. 1. unspecified subject: È importante lavorare ogni giorno = It's important to work every day 2. specified subject: È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It's important that I work every day
42
How do you form the congiuntivo presente?
you form the present subjunctive with a SPECIFIED SUBJECT (IE) + CHE + (present subjunctive-conjugated verb) eg. È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It's important that I work every day
43
What's the congiuntivo presente and when do you use it?
1. congiuntivo presente is the PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE 2. Use it with an IE that refers to specific subject always with specified subject: È importante CHE IO LAVORI ogni giorno = It's important that I work every day
44
How do you form the subjunctive with pronouns (reflexive, DO, IO)? eg. Luis: È necessario che + licenziarsi * VERY IMPORTANT!
1. conjugate the verb normally with subjunctive rules 2. Put the subject's corresponding pronoun BEFORE that verb! eg. È necessario che SI LICENZI.
45
How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb? Singular forms
present subjunctive verb conjugation 1. -are -> -i - studiare becomes studi 2. regular -ere/ire -> -a - scrivere becomes scriva 3. -ire (-isc) -> -isca - finire becomes finisca
46
How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb? Plural forms
present subjunctive verb conjugation 1. noi and voi are the SAME FOR ALL - noi = -iamo - voi = -iate 2. loro: just add "-no" to the singular form! - are -> i -> ino - regular -ere/ire -> a -> ano - ire (-isc) -> -iscano
47
how do you conjugate finire in present subjunctive?
it has the -ISC- conjugation! 1. singular forms: finisca 2. noi = finiamo 3. voi = finiate 4. loro = finiscano
48
how do you conjugate pulire in present subjunctive?
it has the -ISC- conjugation! 1. singular forms: pulisca 2. noi = puliamo 3. voi = puliate 4. loro = puliscano
49
How do you form the congiuntivo presente-conjugated verb? ALL FORMS VERY IMPORTANT FC!
*REMEMBER: to add -h when conjugating -care/-gare to maintain hard sound! SINGULAR 1. -are -> -i - studiare becomes studi 2. regular -ere/ire -> -a - scrivere becomes scriva 3. -ire (-isc) -> -isca - finire becomes finisca PLURAL 4. noi and voi are the SAME FOR ALL - noi = -iamo - voi = -iate 5. loro: just add "-no" to the singular form! - are -> i -> ino - regular -ere/ire -> a -> ano - ire (-isc) -> -iscano
50
In general, how do you form the present subjunctive verb conjugation? VERY IMPORTANT FC! eg. sapere, fare
In general, 1. the singular forms (io, tu, l/l/L) are the same and always end in -a! 2. noi and voi the same (-iamo, -iate) 3. loro is always adding (-no) to the singular form! eg. sapere -> sappia/sappiamo/sapiate/sappiano fare -> faccia/facciamo/facciate/facciano
51
What're the conjugations of irregular modal verb "volere"?
volere (to want): 1. io = voglio 2. tu = vuoi 3. lei/lui/Lei/it = vuole 4. noi = vogliamo 5. voi = volete 6. loro = vogliono
52
What're the conjugations of irregular modal verb "potere"?
potere (can/may): 1. io = posso 2. tu = puoi 3. lei/lui/Lei/it = può 4. noi = possiamo 5. voi = potete 6. loro = possono
53
How do you conjugate irregular modal verb dovere?
dovere means duty/obligation: must do 1. io = devo 2. tu = devi 3. l/l/L = deve 4. noi = dobbiamo 5. voi = dovete 6. loro = devono
54
credo
I believe
55
What're the main irregular present subjunctive verbs? (5) (1/2)
* mmemonic: Abby DAREd Sia to Sample STARfish! 1. Avere → abbia 2. Dare → dia 3. Essere → sia 4. Sapere → sappia 5. Stare → stia
56
What're the mmemonics for IRREGULAR present subjunctives? (2)
1. Main irregular verbs: Abby Dared Sia to Sample Starfish! - (ADSSS) 2. Other irregular verbs: Bryce Dared Dove to Passionately Make Love Under the Venice Villa's Arch. - (BDDPMLUVVA)
57
What're the other irregular present subjunctive verbs? (9) (2/2)
* mmemonic: Bryce Dared Dove to Passionately Make Love Under the Venice Villa Arch! - (BDDPMLUVVA) 1. Bere → beva 2. Dire → dica 3. Dovere → debba 4. Potere → possa 5. fare (Make) → faccia 6. piacere (Love) → piaccia 7. Uscire → esca 8. Venire → venga 9. Volere → voglia 10. Andare → vada
58
Which IRREGULAR present subjunctives don't follow the usual conjugation rules? (4)
DUVA have irregular NOI/VOI! 1. dovere 2. uscire 3. venire 4. andare
59
How do you form the present subjunctive of avere?
1. singular forms (io, tu, l/l/L): abbia | 2. rest are NORMAL
60
How do you form the present subjunctive of dare?
1. singular: dia | 2. rest are NORMAL
61
How do you form the present subjunctive of essere?
1. singular: sia | 2. rest are NORMAL
62
How do you form the present subjunctive of sapere?
1. singular: sappia | 2. rest are NORMAL
63
How do you form the present subjunctive of stare?
1. singular: stia | 2. rest are NORMAL
64
How do you form the present subjunctive of andare?
1. singular: vada 2. NOI/VOI are irregular! - noi is andiamo - voi is andiate - loro is vadano
65
How do you form the present subjunctive of bere?
1. singular: beva | 2. rest are NORMAL
66
How do you form the present subjunctive of dire?
1. singular: dica | 2. rest are NORMAL
67
How do you form the present subjunctive of dovere?
1. singular: debba 2. NOI/VOI are irregular! - noi = dobbiamo - voi = dobbiate - loro = debbano
68
How do you form the present subjunctive of fare?
1. singular: faccia | 2. rest are NORMAL
69
How do you form the present subjunctive of piacere?
1. singular: piaccia | 2. rest are NORMAL
70
How do you form the present subjunctive of potere?
1. singular: possa | 2. rest are NORMAL
71
How do you form the present subjunctive of uscire?
1. singular: esca 2. NOI/VOI are irregular! - noi = usciamo - voi = usciate - loro = escano
72
How do you form the present subjunctive of venire?
1. singular: venga 2. NOI/VOI are irregular! - noi = veniamo - voi = veniate - loro = vegano
73
How do you form the present subjunctive of volere?
1. singular: voglia | 2. rest are NORMAL
74
What's È INCREDIBILE meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's incredible and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
75
What's PUÒ DARSI meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's possible and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
76
What's È PREFERIBILE meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's preferable and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
77
What's BISOGNA meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's necessary and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
78
What's È CERTO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's certain and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
79
What's È CHIARO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's clear and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
80
What's È SICURO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's sure that and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
81
What's È VERO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's true and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
82
What's È OVVIO meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
means it's obvious and it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo)
83
What's SECONDO ME meaning and is it indicative or subjunctive?
1. means in my opinion 2. it's INDICATIVE (use regular present/passato prossimo) - the only exception: sounds subjunctive but use indicative
84
When do you use the "di" vs. "che" with verbs? *VERY IMPORTANT!
1. use di with INFINITIVES - eg. Joel pensa di fare domanda = Joel is thinking about applying 2. use che with SUBJUNCTIVES - eg. Alicia è felice che la programma sta finendo = Alicia is happy the program is ending
85
definition and which verb form to use with? 1. avere bisogno 2. avere paura
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 1. to need 2. to have fear
86
definition and which verb form to use with? 3. chiedere 4. desiderare
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 3. to ask for 4. to desire
87
definition and which verb form to use with? 5. dispiacere 6. essere contento/a and triste
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 5. to be sorry (remember mi dispiace is I'm sorry!) 6. to be happy and sad
88
definition and which verb form to use with? 7. piacere 8. sperare
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 7. to please 8. to hope
89
definition and which verb form to use with? 9. suggerire (-isc-) 10. temere
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 9. to suggest 10. temere to fear (think fearing TEMa's!)
90
definition and which verb form to use with? 11. avere l'impressione 12. credere
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 11. to have the impression 12. to believe
91
definition and which verb form to use with? 13. dubitare 14. immaginare
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 13. to doubt 14. to imagine
92
definition and which verb form to use with? 15. non essere sicuro 16. pensare
use with SUBJUNCTIVES 15. to not be sure 16. to think
93
For same-subject sentences, what're the 2 forms you can use? (sentence w/ 2 clauses has the same subj. doing the 2 verbs)
1. ONLY the infinitive - if "desiderare, preferire, or volere" are in the main clause - eg. preferite fotocopiare il documento = do you prefer to photocopy the document 2. di + infintiive - for all other verbs except those 3
94
definition and which verb form to use with? 1. essere certo/a 2. essere sicuro/a
Use with the INDICATIVE form 1. to be CERTAIN 2. to be SURE
95
definition and which verb form to use with? 3. riconoscere 4. ricordare
Use with the INDICATIVE form 3. to recognize or acknowledge (because it's to something that's CERTAIN) 4. to remember (because it's CERTAIN)
96
definition and which verb form to use with? 5. sapere 6. vedere
Use with the INDICATIVE form 5. to know (because it's CERTAIN) 6. to see (because it's CERTAIN)
97
that
che

ITAL Exam 4 (5 decks)

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