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ITAL Exam 4 > Unit 9 > Flashcards

Unit 9 Flashcards

1
Q

si impersonale

A

impersonal sentences

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2
Q

What’re impersonal sentences (si impersonale)?

A

impersonal sentences

  1. have an UNSPECIFIED subject
  2. are used to refer to people in general/detached manner
  3. mean “they, one, people, or you”
    eg. in estate si va al mare = In the summer people go to the beach.
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3
Q

What does the si impersonale mean?

A

it means

  1. one
  2. people
  3. you
  4. or they

eg. senza piscina non si nuota = without a pool you don’t swim

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4
Q

How do you form the “si impersonale” (informal sentence)?

eg. People have fun in the nightclub.

A

si + (3rd-person SINGULAR verb only)

eg. Ci si divertiva in il locale notturno = people have fun in the nightclub

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5
Q

How do you form the “si impersonale” (informal sentence) with a REFLEXIVE VERB?

A

Ci si + (ALWAYS 3rd person singular verb)

bc it’s smthg ppl do to THEMSELVES

eg. Ci si divertiva in il locale notturno = people have fun in the nightclub

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6
Q

What’s the “si passivante”?

A

When the verb used in a “si impersonale” impersonal sentence modifies an EXPLICIT OBJECT

eg. People buy the magazines = Si comprano le riviste

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7
Q

How do you form the “si passivante”?

A

si + (3rd person singular OR plural verb) + explicit object

  1. verb’s plurality depends on the explicit object it modifies
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8
Q

How do you negate a “si impersonale” or “si passivante” sentence?

A

Put “non” in front of the ENTIRE “si” structure

  1. eg. non si vedono = people do not see
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9
Q

What’re the steps you take to form the “si impersonale” and “si passivante”?

A
  1. Determine if there’s an explicit object (si passivante) and it’s plurality
  2. conjugate the 3rd-person verb based on explicit obj’s plurality, or singular for impersonale
  3. Determine if reflexive: “ci si”

Structure: ci si/si + (3rd-person singular or plural verb)

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10
Q

I pronomi relativi?

A

Relative pronouns

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11
Q

What’re relative pronouns?

A

They connect 2 phrases, the second giving more info

eg. Ecco la donna CHE ha lavorato al negozio = Here’s the woman THAT worked at the store

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12
Q

What’re the “i pronomi relativi”? (4)

A
  1. che
  2. cui
  3. chi
  4. quello/quel che or ciò che
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13
Q

here

A

qui

eg. la mia insalata preferita è qui = my favorite salad is here :)

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14
Q

there

A

lì or ci

eg. il mio zaino è lì = my favorite backpack is there

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15
Q

here vs. there translations

A
  1. here is qui
    - la mia insalata preferita è qui = my favorite salad is here :)
  2. there is lì or ci
    - il mio zaino è lì = my favorite backpack is there
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16
Q

How do you use “che” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “whom, which, who, that”
  2. NEVER after a preposition (that’s cui)
  3. use for people or things
    eg. Ecco la donna CHE ha lavorato al negozio = Here’s the woman THAT worked at the store
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17
Q

How do you use “cui” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “whom or which”
  2. ALWAYS after a preposition
  3. use for people or things
    eg. Questa è la chiesa IN CUI ho pregato = This is the church in which I prayed
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18
Q

How do you use “chi” as i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “those who, the one/ones who”
  2. only use for PEOPLE
  3. only use with 3rd-person SINGULAR verbs
    eg. Chi dorme bene studia bene = Those who sleep well study well!
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19
Q

How do you use “quello/qual che or ciò che” i pronomi relativi?

A
  1. it means “that which, what” (referencing OBJECTS AND IDEAS that hasn’t been specified yet)
  2. they’re INVARIABLE and all are interchangeable
    eg. ciò che vedi è una fontana = what you see is a fountain
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20
Q

Compare and contrast “che” vs. “cui”?

A

similarities

  1. both refer to people or things
  2. both can mean “whom/which”
  3. both refer to a SPECIFIC noun already mentioned earlier in the sentence

differences

  1. Che: never after a preposition, also means “who/that”
  2. Cui: always after a preposition
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21
Q

Similarities between “che” and “cui”?

A

similarities

  1. both refer to people or things
  2. both can mean “whom/which”
  3. both refer to a SPECIFIC noun already mentioned earlier in the sentence
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22
Q

Differences between “che” and “cui”?

A

differences

  1. Che: never after a preposition, also means “who/that”
  2. Cui: always after a preposition
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23
Q

How do you say “is (the reason) why”?

A

“AVERE” LA REGIONE PER CUI is how you say “(the reason) why”

eg. Catholicism è la regione per cui Alicia studia italiana = Catholicism’s the reason why Alicia studies Italian

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24
Q

Which regular -ere and -ire verbs do you use a PREPOSITION ALWAYS with to form the relative pronoun? (2)

A
  1. chiedere (a) = to ask for
  2. rispondere (a) = to respond to
  3. finire (di) = to finish, with infinitive
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25
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with chiedere?
it's an "-ere" verb that needs a PREPOSITION with the relative pronoun 1. chiedere (a) = to ask for
26
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with rispondere?
it's an "-ere" verb that needs a PREPOSITION with the relative pronoun 2. rispondere (a) = to respond to
27
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with parlare?
To talk Needs a preposition if you want to say "to talk to/about" = parlare di
28
1. tanto tempo fa 2. una volta 3. in passato
1. A long time ago 2. once upon a time 3. in the past
29
to lose
perdere
30
definition of perdere and passato prossimo?
perdere is to lose passato prossimo is perso
31
other (adjective)
altro/a/i/e depends on subject's gender/plurality
32
there is / is there?
c'è
33
there are / are there?
ci sono
34
to sell
vendere VENDors sell stuff!
35
nient'altro
nothing else
36
da qui
from here
37
chiedere definition and passato prossimo
to ask pp: avere + chiesto
38
qualcosa
something
39
prendere definition and passato prossimo?
1. prendere means "to take" 2. pp is preso eg. hai preso qualcosa in negozi = have you taken something from the shop?
40
already
già
41
pensare penso
to think, penso = I think
42
disponibile
available
43
How do you form the present tense of a regular -are verb?
conjugate like PARLARE 1. io = parl-o 2. tu = parl-i 3. lui/lei/Lei = parl-a 4. noi = parl-iamo 5. voi = parl-ate 6. loro = parl-ano
44
How do you form the present tense of a regular -ere verb?
conjugate like LEGGERE leggere (to read) 1. legg(o) = io 2. legg(i) = tu 3. legg(e) = lei/lui/Lei 4. legg(iamo) = noi 5. legg(ete) = voi 6. legg(ono) = loro
45
How do you form the present tense of a regular -ire verb?
conjugate like DORMIRE 1. io = dorm(O) 2. tu = dorm(I) 3. lui/lei/Lei = dorm(E) 4. noi = dorm(IAMO) 5. voi = dorm(ITE) 6. loro = dorm(ONO)
46
then
poi
47
What're the ways to conjugate verbs that end in "-ire"? (2)
conjugate verbs that end in "-ire" 1. like dormire 2. like capire: add -isc- to all singular pronouns and "loro/they"
48
How do you conjugate regular "-ire" verbs like capire?
\*Rule: Add -isc- to all forms EXCEPT noi and voi 1. io = cap(ISCO) 2. tu = cap(ISCI) 3. lei/lui/Lei = cap(ISCE) 4. noi = cap(iamo) 5. voi = cap(ite) 6. loro = cap(ISCONO)
49
How do you write the present-tense of andare?
andare is an irregular "-are" verb! Always use 1. vado = I go 2. vai = you go 3. va = you (formal)/he/she/it goes 4. andiamo = we go 5. andate = you all go 6. vanno = they go
50
Passato prossimo of andare?
"essere" + andato/a/i/e
51
What's the strategy for forming relative pronouns? eg. Le cose ____ siamo interessati sono molte. (a cui, di cui, che) \*VERY IMPORTANT!!!
1. break up the sentence and translate literally to English - The things ____ we were interested were many 2. See if it makes sense in English w/ only "che" - The things THAT we were interested were many 3. If it sounds disjointed, add the preposition after the verb to confirm it makes sense - disjointed, The things WHICH we were interested IN are many - correct: a cui
52
frequentare definition
to frequent (visit frequently) as a verb
53
to stop (doing something) and passato prossimo
smettere, past participle is "avere" + SMESSO 1. present tense conjugated like mettere = smetto, smetti, smette, smettiamo, smettete, smettono
54
Which common regular verbs DO NOT need a preposition with them?
1. ascoltare - ascolto musica rap = I listen to rap 2. cercare - cerco una bici = I look for a bike
55
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with ascoltare?
DOESN'T need a preposition ascoltare means to listen TO - ascolto musica rap = I listen to rap
56
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with cercare?
DOESN'T need a preposition cercare means to look FOR - cerco una bici = I look for a bike
57
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with incontrare?
DOESN'T need a preposition incontrare means to meet WITH - incontro il professore = I meet the professor
58
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with abitare?
DOESN'T need a preposition abitare means to live IN - abito la casa = I live in the house
59
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with aspettare?
DOESN'T need a preposition aspettare means to wait FOR - aspetto Nicole la mattina = I wait for Nicole in the mornings
60
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with guardare?
DOESN'T need a preposition guardare means to look AT - guardo il paesaggio dal balcone = I looke at the view from the balcony
61
Definition and how do you form the relative pronoun with salire?
NEEDS the preposition SU (on) salire means to climb - eg. la montagna SU CUI saliamo è alta = the mountain on which we climb is tall
62
It is on your left/right
è alla tua destra/sinistra
63
you go 1. straight 2. to the left 3. to the right
vai 1. dritto 2. a sinistra 3. a destra
64
il paesaggio
the view eg. il paesaggio è molto bello = the view is very beautiful
65
l'aggettivo e il pronome indefinito
indefinite adjectives and pronouns indefinite words
66
What are indefinite words?
They are words that roughly quantify general nouns There are indefinite adjectives and pronouns eg. ogni città (every city), alcuni francobolli (few stamps), tutti gli studenti (all the students)
67
What're indefinite adjectives?
1. They're adjectives that roughly quantify general nouns 2. Structure: indefinite adjective + noun 3. eg. ho comprato alcuni francobolli = I bought a few stamps.
68
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? some, a few (plural noun) eg. a few stamps
adjective 1. with singular nouns: qualche 2. with plural nouns: alcuni/e pronoun for PLURAL nouns: alcuni/e eg. qualche francobollo = a few stamps alcuni francobolli = a few stamps
69
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? other
1. adjective: ALTRO/A/I/E means other - eg. the other cat (l'altro gatto) the other student (l'altro studente) 2. singular pronoun: ALTRO means something/anything else 3. plural pronoun: ALTRI/E means others
70
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? many, a lot of
1. adjective: MOLTO/A/I/E means many/a lot of - eg. molti persone (many people) 2. pronoun: same as adjective, means much/many
71
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? each, every
1. adjective: ogni + (SINGULAR NOUN without definite article) means each, every - eg. ogni penna = every pen, ogni ragazza = every girl 2. pronoun: ognuno/a means each one, everyone
72
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? little, few
the indefinite adjective and pronoun for "little, few" are the SAME form ! 1. with singular nouns: poco/a 2. with plural nouns: pochi/e eg. 1. Franco parla poco = Franco speaks little 2. poche persone parlano cinese in italia = few people speak chinese in italy 3. poche parlano cinese in italia = few speak chinese in italy
73
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? so much, so many
TANTO/A/I/E means so much or so many, SAME indefinite adjective and pronoun form 1. singular noun: Lavorato tanta = I work a lot 2. plural noun: Ho comprato tanti snack (I bought many snacks)
74
What's the indefinite adjective and pronoun? too much, too many
TROPPO/A/I/E means too much or too many, SAME indefinite adjective and pronoun form eg. 1. singular noun: sono troppo semplice = they're too simple 2. plural noun: troppi studenti studiano in biblioteca = too many students study in the library
75
What's the indefinite adjective? all, the whole (thing)
(TUTTO/A/I/E + DEFINITE ARTICLE) means all, the whole (thing) \*you NEED the definite article with tutto/a/i/e eg. 1. singular: tutto il trucco è nella borsa (all the makeup is in the bag) 2. plural: tutti i rossetti sono nella borsa (all the lipsticks are in the bag)
76
Which form of the indefinite word do you use to modify adverbs (eg. adjective, verb, etc.)? eg. they are too simple \*VERY IMPORTANT!
you use the SINGULAR MASCULINE form of the indefinite adjective or pronoun eg. sono troppo semplice (they're too simple)
77
How to say something/anything for the indefinite pronoun?
QUALCOSA means something/anything - it's SINGULAR MALE and invariable eg. ho comprato qualcosa a mia madre = I bought something for my mom
78
What's the indefinite pronoun for 1. someone, anyone? 2. something, anything?
1. someone, anyone is QUALCUNO/A 2. something, anything is QUALCOSA - male, invariable 3. both are singular!
79
How can you use qualcosa, the indefinite pronoun? (2)
both means "something" 1. qualcosa di with adjective - describe something's quality - eg. mangio qualcosa di delizioso = I eat something delicious 2. qualcosa da with infinitive verb - to "verb something" (DO) - eg. Compro qualcosa da mangiare = I buy something to eat
80
What's the indefinite pronoun for 1. everything 2. everyone
1. everything is TUTTO (invariable) 2. everyone is TUTTI/E (depends on the peoples' gender!)
81
Le espressioni negative
the negative expressions
82
Negative expressions not at all eg. I did not eat at all this evening
non. ..affatto eg. Non ho mangiato affatto stasera
83
Negative expressions not yet eg. I have not done the laundry yet
non. ..ancora eg. Non ho ancora fatto il bucato
84
Negative expressions never eg. I have never eaten swordfish
non. ..mai eg. Non ho mai mangiato pesce spada
85
Negative expressions neither...nor eg. I have neither a pen nor a backpack
1. non (verb) né (object 1) né (object 2) eg. Non ho né una penna né uno zaino = I have neither a pen nor a backpack
86
Negative expressions not even eg. I did not even ask for cheese
1. non...neanche, nemmeno, or neppure (interchangeable) eg. Non HO CHIESTO nemmeno il formaggio
87
Negative expressions nobody or not....anyone eg. There wasn't anyone at the library, I did not see anyone at the mall
non. ..nessuno eg. Non c'era nessuno in biblioteca, Non ho visto nessuno in centro commerciale
88
Negative expressions nothing or not....anything eg. I did not sign anything
1. non...niente/nulla eg. Non ha firmato nulla = I did not sign anything
89
Negative expressions no longer eg. Stefano no longer works at the bank
1. non...più eg. Stefano non lavora più in banca
90
How do you form the negative expression in present and passato prossimo? \*VERY IMPORTANT! eg. She didn't see any students
1. only put the FIRST verb (present, pp, etc.) in the middle 2. put the rest of the sentence after the negative expression 3. for passato prossimo - avere vs. essere depends on the verb after the main verb - conjugation depends on the subject - you ONLY sandwich the avere/essere for "ancora, mai, and più". - for the other expressions, you sandwich both the avere/essere + past participle between the negative expression eg. normal pp: Non HA VISTO nessuno studente = she didn't see any students ancora, mai, più pp: Non hai ancora assaggiato il tiramisù = you have not tried tiramisu yet
91
When do you use present vs. passato prossimo for negative expressions?
Check the tenses of the VERBS in the sentence! present tense 1. have 2. does/do 3. is/are passato prossimo 1. verb ends in -ed 2. had 3. did 4. was/were
92
How to say "not (verb) any (noun)"? eg. Gina does NOT have ANY envelopes
1. (singular noun) non (verb) nessuno/nessun/nessuna/nessun' (object) 2. spelling follows indefinite article uno rules depending on the object that comes after it 3. only use with SINGULAR nouns eg. Gina non ha nessuna busta = Gina does not have any envelopes
93
How do you use object pronouns with negative expressions? eg. I have never given Allen them
1. put the pronoun (DO, IDO, reflexive) between non and the verb eg. non LI (them) ho mai dati a Allen = I have never given Allen them
94
Nobody (as the subject) eg. Nobody came to the town hall
Nessuno eg. Nessuno è venuto in commune
95
Nothing (as the subject)
Niente/nulla
96
Neither (subject 1) nor (subject 2) eg. neither Alicia or Nicole see snow
1. né (subj 1) né (subj 2) 2. omit non when the negative expression is the subject ` eg. né Alicia né Nicole vedono la neve = Neither Alicia nor Nicole see snow
97
How do you form the si impersonale/passivante when the conjugated verb has 2 more verbs after it? eg. in montagna ___ (potere) rilassarsi e leggere un libro, you may
how you conjugate the verb depends on the FIRST verb after it, and if it has an explicit object (EO)! eg. in montagna SI PUÒ rilassarsi e leggere un libro. remember for general verbs following the conjugaed verb with no EO, always use singular 3rd-person for it.
98
How do you form the si impersonale/passivante when there's one more verb after the conjugated "si" vebr? eg. A teatro ___ (potere) parlare durante lo spettacolo
It depends on whether the verb AFTER the conjugated "si" verb has an explicit object (EO) or not - if it does, conjugate the "si" verb based on the following verb's EO's plurality - if it doesn't, conjugate the "si" verb with the singular 3rd person
99
Which pronomi relativi do you use for PROVERBS? eg. ___ va piano va sano e lontano
Use "CHI" for proverbs! eg. Chi va piano va sano e lontano
100
What does the preposition "con" mean?
with
101
What does the preposition "in" mean? (3)
1. in 2. to 3. at
102
What does the preposition " di or d' " mean? (2)
1. of 2. from
103
What does the preposition "per" mean? (3)
1. for 2. through 3. in order to
104
What does the preposition "da" mean? (4)
1. from 2. since 3. by 4. at
105
What does "fare attenzione all'accordo" mean?
It means pay attention to the AGREEMENT!
106
How are the indefinite adjectives structured? \*VERY IMPORTANT!
all indefinite adjectives depend on subj's gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e endings) EXCEPT 1. alcuni/e: plural only 2. ogni and qualche are singular only and invariable 3. for tutto/a/i/e, always use DEFINITE ARTICLE!
107
How are the indefinite pronouns structured? (4) \*VERY IMPORTANT!
1. depend on subject's gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e): molto, poco, tanto, troppo 2. plural only (-i/e): alcuni, altri, tutti 3. invariable: altro, qualcosa, tutto 4. singular only (-o/a): ognuno, qualcuno
108
Which indefinite adjectives are IRREGULAR? \*VERY IMPORTANT!
1. alcuni/e: plural only 2. ogni and qualche are singular only and invariable 3. for tutto/a/i/e, always use DEFINITE ARTICLE!
109
Which indefinite pronouns depend on the subject's gender AND plurality? (4)
depend on subject's gender and plurality (-o/a/i/e) 1. molto = much/many 2. poco = little/few 3. tanto = SO much/many 4. troppo = TOO much/many
110
Which indefinite pronouns depend on the subject's plurality ONLY? (5)
1. only plural (-i/e): alcuni, altri, tutti 2. only singular (-o/a): ognuno, qualcuno
111
Which indefinite pronouns are INVARIABLE?
1. altro = something, anything else 2. qualcosa = something, anything 3. tutto = everything
112
la gente
people, it's SINGULAR and FEMALE!
113
how many
quanto/a/i/e -depends on subject's gender and plurality!
114
When do you use "qualcosa da" vs. "qualcosa di"?
1. use qualcosa da before VERB - eg. Faccio qualcosa da mangiare = I make something to eat 2. use qualcosa di before ADJECTIVE - eg. Mangio qualcosa di buono = I eat something good
115
c’era
there was
116
ha detto
told

ITAL Exam 4 (5 decks)

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