Unit 11 Flashcards
Sigmund Freud
Believed we are driven primarily by our unconscious mind.
Established the theory of psychoanalysis which attributes thoughts and actions to unconscious (outside of awareness) motives and conflicts.
Free association
in psychoanalysis, a method of exploring the unconscious in which the person relaxes and says whatever comes to mind, no matter how trivial or embarrassing.
Id
the unconscious part of us that strives to satisfy basic drives to survive, reproduce, and aggress.
• Operates according to the pleasure principle: the drive to seek pleasure and avoid pain.
Ego
the rational aspect of personality that directs and controls instincts and guides our decisions.
•Operates according to the
reality principle: the drive to meet the demands of the id in ways that are realistic.
Superego
the voice of our moral compass (conscience) that forces the ego to consider not only the real but the ideal.
Identification
the process by which children incorporate their parents’ values into their developing superegos.
Psychosexual Stages
the childhood stages of development during which, the id’s pleasure-seeking energies focus on distinct
erogenous zones (sensitive parts of the body).
Psychodynamic Theories
modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences.
Projective tests
a personality test designed to let a person respond to ambiguous stimuli, presumably revealing hidden emotions and internal conflicts projected by the person into the test.
Humanistic theorists
focused on the ways people strive for self-determination (personal freedom to control one’s own life) and self-realization (personal fulfillment).
Abraham Maslow
Strongly critical of behaviorism and psychoanalysis.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
An arrangement of innate needs, from strongest to weakest, that activates and directs behavior.
self-actualization
the process of fulfilling our potential
self-transcendence
achieving meaning, purpose, and communion beyond the self
Carl rogers
Believed that people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies.
Positive self-concept
we tend to act and perceive ourselves and the world positively.
Negative self-concept
we fall short of our ideal self and feel dissatisfied and unhappy.
Albert Bandura
Proposed the
social-cognitive
theory of personality
Social-Cognitive Perspective
Views behavior as influenced by the interaction between people’s traits and their social context.
Reciprocal Determinism
The notion that a person’s behavior both influences and is influenced by personal factors and the social environment
External Locus of Control
The perception that chance or outside forces beyond our personal control determine our fate.
Internal Locus of Control
The perception that you
control your own fate.
Learned Helplessness
When an individual continuously faces a negative, uncontrollable situation and stops trying to change their circumstances
Spotlight effect
People tend to believe they are being noticed more than they really are
