Unit 6

Question 1

Neutral Stimulus NS

Answer 1

A stimulus that elicits no response before conditioning

Question 2

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

Answer 2

A stimulus that unconditionally-naturally & automatically triggers a response

Question 3

Unconditioned Response (UR)

Answer 3

An unlearned natural occurring response to unconditioned stimulus

Question 4

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

Answer 4

A learned response to a previously neutral (but now conditioned) stimulus

Question 5

Condition Response (CR)

Answer 5

An originally irrelevant stimulus that after association with an unconditioned stimulus comes to trigger a conditioned response

Question 6

Acquisition

Answer 6

The initial stage when one links a neutral stimulus & an unconditioned stimulus so that NS begins triggering the CR. The strengthening of a reinforced response

Example: if you are trying to train a rat to press a lever in response to you ringing a bell (i.e., trying to condition the rat to press the lever when and only when you ring the bell), then once the rat presses the lever in only response to the bell, you can say the response is “acquired”.

Question 7

John B. Watson

Answer 7

founded classical behaviorism

Question 8

Ivan Pavlov

Answer 8

Discovered classical conditioning
Pavlov dog experiment

Question 9

Classical conditioning

Answer 9

The type or reward which a response
naturally elicited by one stimulus becomes to be elicited by a different formally neutral
Stimulus
working Def: something happens to you and it causes a natural (almost automatic) response
- You learn a warning sign to tell you that thing is about to happen

Question 10

Schedules of reinforcement

Answer 10

A pattern that specifies how often a behavior will be reinforced

Question 11

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 11

Reinforcing a behavior every time it occurs

Question 12

Partial intermittent reinforcement

Answer 12

Sometimes reinforcing a behavior when it occurs

Question 13

Fixed

Answer 13

the # of responses between reinforcements or the amount of time between reinforcements which is set & unchanging

Question 14

Variable

Answer 14

Things that can be changed or altered such as a characteristic or value

Question 15

Ratio

Answer 15

The number of responses that are required in order to receive reinforcement

Question 16

Interval

Answer 16

Set amount of time between occurrences of something like a reward

Question 17

Fixed-ratio schedule

Answer 17

Reinforced behavior after a specific number of responses

Question 18

Variable ratio schedule

Answer 18

Reinforcement occurs after an unpredictable number of responses

Examples: Gambling and lottery games

Question 19

Fixed- interval schedules

Answer 19

A response is reinforced after a specific amount of time

Examples: someone who gets paid every two weeks at their job

Question 20

Variable interval schedules

Answer 20

A response is rewarded after an unpredictable amount of time has passed

Ex: when someone waits for an elevator

Question 21

Mirror neurons

Answer 21

Frontal lobe neurons that some scientist believe fire when performing certain actions or when observing another doing so. The brains mirroring of another’s actions may enable imitation and empathy

Question 22

Albert Bandura & the bobo doll

Answer 22

Albert Bandura is the pioneering reacher of observational learning,
Preschool children would watch an adult yell & abuse the bobo doll. Then they would copy the adults behavior

Question 23

Cognition in conditioning

Answer 23

A process in which a stimulus is repeatedly paired with an imagined or anticipated response or behavior

Example: when Julian got good grades in school, his parents took him out for pizza. After that, he wanted to get good grades even more. He studied harder and did all his work, all so he could get pizza again.

Question 24

Latent learning

Answer 24

Learning that occurs but is not apparent until there is an incentive to demonstrate it

Question 25

Insight learning

Answer 25

A sudden realization of a problem’s solution Example: a banana was placed high out of reach that the chimpanzees found a way to reach it. They stack boxes on top of each other to reach it and used sticks to knock the banana down.

Question 26

The premack principle

Answer 26

If a person wants to preform a given activity the person will perform a less desirable activity to get a more desirable activity Example: eating vegetables in order to get desert

Question 27

Primary reinforcement

Answer 27

Things that motivate behavior because they satiate an individual’s basic survival needs Ex: food, water, sleep and shelter

Question 28

Secondary reinforces (conditioned reinforcement)

Answer 28

Stimulus that reinforces a behavior after it has been associated with a primary reinforcer Ex: verbal praise, highly preferred activities, stickers, toys, and edibles. An example of pairing is saying to a toddler, “You did it!” and then the toddler gets a chance to play with a toy

Question 29

Extinction

Answer 29

The diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs when an unconditioned stimulus does not follow a condition stimulus Example: when you ring the bell without introducing meat, eventually the bell will no longer cause a dogs, mouth to water

Question 30

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 30

The appearance of a weakened conditioned response after a rest period Example: when you stop ringing a bell, before introducing meat, eventually the dogs mouth will stop watering respond to the bell. However, ringing the bell, several hours later, might cause the dogs mouth to start watering again.

Question 31

Jonas dog jumped on visitors every time they came to his house. In order to change his behavior, every time the dog jumped on visitors, he sprayed the dog with water causing him to flinch. Now whenever the dog sees the water bottle, he flinches

Answer 31

Neutral stimulus: Water bottle Unconditioned stimulus: being sprayed Unconditioned response: flinching Condition stimulus: water bottle Condition response: flinching

Question 32

Shaping

Answer 32

Establishing behavior by reinforcing closer, and closer responses, until the desired behavior is reached Ex: when a baby or a toddler learns to walk. They are reinforced for crawling, then standing, then taking one step, then taking a few steps, and finally for walking.

Question 33

Chaining

Answer 33

A complex, behavior sequence is learned it breaks a task into small steps, and then each step with in the sequence by itself Ex: For example, a child learning to wash his/her hands independently may start with learning to turn on the faucet. Once this initial skill is learned, the next step may be getting his/her hands, etc.

Question 34

Reinforcing stimulus (reinforcement)

Answer 34

Any event that strengthens the behavior follows Ex: presenting praise (a reinforcer) immediately after a child puts away their toys (the response).

Question 35

Negative reinforcement

Answer 35

When a behavior occurs in order to avoid a negative outcome, the point is still to strengthen and encourage the behavior Ex: taking painkillers to reduce pain Ex: cleaning your room, so your parents don’t nag you

Question 36

Positive reinforcement

Answer 36

When a behavior is followed by a reward this increases the likelihood that the behavior will continue. The point of positive reinforcement is the encourage a behavior to continue. Example: A parent allowing their child to borrow the family car when they get good grades

Question 37

Reinforcement encourages

Answer 37

behavior

Question 38

Punishment

Answer 38

Following undesired behavior with a consequence in order to decrease the frequency of the behavior

Question 39

Positive punishment

Answer 39

Presenting something undesirable after unwanted behavior Getting something Example: spray water on a barking dog Example: getting a traffic ticket for speeding

Question 40

Negative punishment

Answer 40

Removing something desirable after unwanted behavior Example: taking away cell phone or driving privileges after failing a class

Question 41

Punishment drawbacks

Answer 41

Punishment behavior is depressed not forgotten this temporary state mean reinforce parents permission behavior Ex: the child swears the parents swats the parent has no more swearing in feels the punishment successfully stop the behavior

Question 42

Punishment teaches

Answer 42

Punishment, teachers discrimination among situation Ex: did the punishment effectively in the transferring to the child, simple, or not to swear in front of their parents

Question 43

Punishment, teachers fear

Answer 43

Which army associate fear not only with the undesirable behavior, but also with the person who do over the punishment

Question 44

Reinforcement tells you

Answer 44

what to do

Question 45

Punishment tells you

Answer 45

what not to do

Question 46

Intrinsic motivation

Answer 46

A desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake, driven by internal rewards Example: living an instrument because it makes you happy Excessive positive reinforcement (rewards) can destroy intrinsic motivation example: rewarding children with toys or candy for reading diminishes the time they spend reading

Question 47

Prefrontal cortex

Answer 47

Involved in assessing the level of threat posed by stimulus Ex: spanked children have more activation in this area in response to fearful faces

Question 48

Biological limits of classical conditioning

Answer 48

An animals capacity for conditioning is limit by biological constraints

Question 49

Preparedness

Answer 49

An animals biological predisposition to learn associations that enhances survival Example: rats seem to develop aversions to taste and smell, but not to color or sight

Question 50

Preparedness 2

Answer 50

Animals are more receptive to conditioning when it affects the senses that are most crucial to survival Example: birds are more likely to develop an inversion to the site of tinted foods, and say hunt by sight

Question 51

Cognitive process

Answer 51

Behavior list like Pavlov and skinner underestimated the importance of cognitive process (thoughts perceptions expectations) Researcher show that cognition, plays an important role in learning

Question 52

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 52

A desire to perform a behavior to receive promised rewards or avoid threatened punishment Example: some people choose careers based on the amount of money they will make rather than the satisfaction the job provides

Question 53

Observational/social learning

Answer 53

Learning by observing others Example: a child who sees his sister burn her finger on a hot stove learns not to touch it

Question 54

Modeling

Answer 54

The process of observing, and imitating a specific behavior Research shows that children model behavior they observed adults, especially adults of the same sex

Question 55

Vicarious reinforcement and vicarious punishment

Answer 55

We learn from observing other persons, rewards and punishments We are especially likely to learn from people we perceive a successful admirable, or similar to ourselves

Question 56

Generalization

Answer 56

The tendency for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses Example: in Pavlov’s experiment, a dog condition to the sound of one tone, also responded somewhat to the sound of a new and different tone

Question 57

Discrimination

Answer 57

The ability to distinguish between a condition stimulus, and similar stimuli that are not associated with unconditioned stimulus Ex: Pavlov’s dogs, eventually learn to respond to the sound of a particular tone, and not to the other tones

Question 58

Higher order conditioning

Answer 58

when a neutral stimulus becomes linked to a conditioned stimulus creating a second often weaker stimulus Ex: if a tone regularly signals food and produces salivation, then a light that becomes associated with the tone can also begin to trigger salvation

Question 59

Classical conditioning behavior is

Answer 59

involuntary

Question 60

Operant conditioning: behavior is

Answer 60

voluntary