Unit 12

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

characteristics as a result of enduring patterns of experience and behaviour

Question 2

psychoanalytic theory

Answer 2

made by freud

people are mainly influenced by unconsciousness coming into awareness

Question 3

freud

Answer 3

developed psychoanalysis: talking to clients

discovered parent-child relationship and influence on adulthood, defense mechanisms

Question 4

3 forces of personality

Answer 4

id: instinctual drives we are born with, following the pleasure principle (seek pleasure, avoid pain)

ego: rational thoughts developed from learning, satisfies id appropriate to environment

superego: forms during childhood, moral limits, includes internalization of values and guilty conscious

Question 5

psychosexual stages

Answer 5

phallic, oral, anal, latent, genital

focus on erogenous zones, if issues not resolved will result in being stuck at stage

Question 6

phallic stage

Answer 6

attraction to parent, results in confusion in sexual role

Question 7

genital

Answer 7

mature relationships, results in relationship problems

Question 8

oral

Answer 8

weaning, focus on oral pleasure i.e. cigarettes

Question 9

anal

Answer 9

potty training, become obsessed w tidiness and control

Question 10

latent

Answer 10

hatred of same-sex parent, no fixations

Question 11

defense mechanisms

Answer 11

unconscious tactic to protect self from internal conflict

Question 12

denial

Answer 12

refusing to acknowledge current situation

Question 13

repression

Answer 13

burying painful thoughts into unconscious

Question 14

why is freud discredited?

Answer 14

didn’t take notes, made stuff up, ideas cannot be scientifically proven

Question 15

neo-freudians

Answer 15

believe human functions from underlying forces

believe unconscious mind is majority, childhood shapes personality, and we struggle internally

Question 16

alfred adler

Answer 16

social needs and conscious thoughts cause personality, not sexual needs

inferiority complex: need for domination

Question 17

carl jung

Answer 17

personal unconscious: formed thru individual experience

collective unconscious: shared info from entire human race

archetypes: carry across cultures

Question 18

karen horney

Answer 18

rejected penis envy, says women desire power men have from society

culture impacts development

isolated kids may have anxiety, can lead to illness

Question 19

humanistic perspective

Answer 19

maslow and rogers

Question 20

abraham maslow

Answer 20

created heirarchy of needs

says humans want to reach full potential, called self-actualization

should study healthy people

Question 21

carl rogers

Answer 21

humans are good and want self-actualization

started positive psychology

Question 22

hierarchy of needs

Answer 22

basic needs, psychological needs, self-fulfillment

not all reach top

Question 23

self-concept

Answer 23

rogers

consistent pattern of self-perception used to characterize person

Question 24

unconditional positive regard

Answer 24

unconditional acceptance w/o conditions, used so patients don’t feel attacked

Question 25

client-centred therapy

Answer 25

rogers client views self worth and childhood objectively, and therapist doesn't assume anything

Question 26

personality trait

Answer 26

tendencies to behave are constant across conditions

Question 27

gordon allport

Answer 27

1st trait theory, worked on case studies made lexical hypothesis: language contains ways people differ

Question 28

hans eysneck

Answer 28

created superfactors

Question 29

superfactors

Answer 29

eysneck made 3, they encompass many smaller traits neuroticism: negativity extraversion: outgoingness psychoticism: out of touch

Question 30

5-factor model

Answer 30

proposes 5 traits, empirically found openness conscientiousness neuroticism agreeableness

Question 31

pros and cons trait theories

Answer 31

pros - easy to predict adult traits - strong genetic contribution cons - oversimplifies humans - personality fixed, when it's changing

Question 32

situationism

Answer 32

behaviour is result of situations over internal traits i.e. quiet at funeral, loud at home

Question 33

interactionism

Answer 33

relationship b/w reinforcing aspects of situation our behaviour is because of our interactions w others i.e. praise makes you think you're good student

Question 34

personal inventories

Answer 34

questionnaires to assess personality

Question 35

MMPI-1

Answer 35

obscure y/n questions to assess abnormal personality traits valid due to obscurity, avoids social desire to conform

Question 36

NEO personality inventory

Answer 36

scores neuroticism, openness, extraversion

Question 37

projective tests

Answer 37

use ambiguous situations to assess unconscious

Question 38

inkblot test

Answer 38

not valid make participant form meaning from ink

Question 39

thematic apperception test (TET)

Answer 39

makes stories from images, systematic but low validity

Question 40

genes vs environment

Answer 40

genes have greater influence than environment i.e. twins environment can lead to illness is there's genetic predisposition

Question 41

amygdala and personality

Answer 41

kids in bad situations have easily activated amygdala, making them shyer or scared

Question 42

gender and personality

Answer 42

more similarities than differences biases lead to incorrect conclusions from correlations

Question 43

gilligan

Answer 43

men have higher individuality and autonomy women have higher social and connectedness

Question 44

hyde

Answer 44

genders have differences in aggression, motor skills, bcs of testosterone result of societal expectations over hormones

Question 45

collectivist cultures

Answer 45

view individual as part of the group agreeable members

Question 46

individualist cultures

Answer 46

value individual achievement, self as individual more extraversion and openness

Question 47

socioeconomic situation

Answer 47

poor state = higher impulsivity ability to delay gratification higher depending on culture, and trust in situation

Question 48

personality disorders

Answer 48

inflexible patterns that cause distress or interruptions

Question 49

BPD

Answer 49

feelings of abandonment, instable emotions and self-concept (pattern of self-perception) outbursts

Question 50

antisocial personality disorder

Answer 50

higher in men extreme disregard of others feelings and rights, exploitative, reckless, egotisitcal

Question 51

4 features of personality disorders

Answer 51

1) distorted thinking patterns 2) poor emotional response 3) impulse control issues 4) problems in relationships