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PS101 > Unit 7 > Flashcards

Unit 7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is learning

A

lasting changes from practice or experience, study

can be inferred from behaviour, since we cannot see learning

is an active behaviour

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2
Q

2 types of learning

A

associative learning and non-associative learning

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3
Q

associative learning

A

change from linking 2+ stimuli

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4
Q

non-associative learning

A

change from one stimuli

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5
Q

habituation

A

non-associative

weakening of response due to repetition

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6
Q

dishabituation

A

non-associative

return of response after period of non-exposure

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7
Q

sensitization

A

dramatic response to strong stimulus after exposure to multiple, smaller stimuli

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8
Q

classical conditioning

A

associative learning

controlling association of 2 stimuli

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9
Q

operant conditioning

A

associative learning

learning as a result of reward and punishment

created by skinner

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10
Q

unconditioned stimulus

A

leads to a response on its own

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11
Q

unconditioned response

A

natural, untaught response to US

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12
Q

conditioned stimulus

A

neutral stimulus that eventually causes same response as UR

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13
Q

conditioned response

A

response taught for CS, usually same as UR

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14
Q

acquisition

A

initial learning period b/w stimulus and response

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15
Q

extinction

A

decrease of CR after repeated repetition with no outcome

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16
Q

spontaneous recovery

A

return of CR after a period of extinction

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17
Q

stimulus generalization

A

associating similar stimulus as the CS, eliciting the CR

i.e. squash = squirrel

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18
Q

stimulus discrimination

A

only respond to CS, not similar stimuli

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19
Q

higher-order conditioning

A

CS treated as US for further conditioning

i.e. food associated w can opener, can opener associated w coming down stairs, stairs associated w alarm clock

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20
Q

phobias

A

obsessive, irrational fears that can be conditioned

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21
Q

systematic desensitization

A

decreasing response to phobia by exposing patient to gradually larger amounts of stimulus

i.e. picture of spider, to video of spider, to actual spider

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22
Q

behaviour psychology

A

aims to eliminate phobias

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23
Q

conditioned taste aversion

A

aversion to taste when coupled with illness

adaptive, for survival

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24
Q

law of effect

A

behaviour is likely to occur again if rewarded, less likely to occur if punished

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25
thorndike
created puzzle box cat in box, released and given food if presses button --> eventually presses button every time created law of effect
26
behaviourism
study and manipulation of behaviour
27
b.f. skinner
says organisms exert on the environment (operate on it) but DO NOT respond to the environment
28
reinforcer
produces increase in behaviour
29
negative reinforcement
takes away bad increases behaviour by taking away unpleasant stimulus i.e. nagging until clean room
30
positive reinforcement
giving good increases behaviour by giving pleasant stimulus i.e. giving sticker for getting A on test
31
punishment
experience that decreases behaviour
32
positive punishment
giving bad decreases behaviour by giving unpleasant consequence i.e. spanking child
33
negative punishment
taking away good decreases behaviour by taking away pleasant stimulus i.e. taking car keys
34
secondary reinforcer
neutral stimulus used to inc behaviour when paired w primary reinforcer i.e. getting good grades associated w love
35
primary reinforcer
intrinsically rewarding stimulus for survival i.e. food, water, shelter
36
primary punisher
naturally aversive stimulus i.e. electric shock
37
secondary punisher
neutral stimulus becomes aversive when associated w prim punisher i.e. criticism --> lack of love
38
intermittent reinforcement
behaviour is sometimes reinforced, results in longer acquisition but less extinction
39
continuous reinforcement
behaviour reinforced every time
40
interval schedule
how much time until reinforcement
41
ratio schedule
reinforcement after number of responses
42
variable ratio schedule
unpredictable reinforcement steady rate of responding, lasts longer even w/o reinforcement
43
fixed interval schedule
response after certain time has elapsed i.e. every 10 minutes
44
fixed ratio schedule
reinforced after certain number of responses i.e. every 3rd time high rate of response with occasional pauses includes continuous reinforcement (after every response)
45
variable interval schedule
reinforcement in varying times
46
behaviour modification
using operant conditioning to change behaviour systematically to make positive or remove negative behaviours
47
shaping
introducing new behaviour thru successive approximation until full behaviour emerges i.e. teaching dog to roll over
48
observational learning
occurs w/o training by watching behaviours of others
49
vicarious learning
sees consequences of others' behaviour, either replicates or avoids it
50
bandura
bobo doll experiment children showed aggressive modelling, learning behaviour from watching adults attack bobo doll
51
mirror neurons
involved in observational learning, fires when we see someone performing same action as us to make connections
52
implicit learning
acquisition of info w/o awareness i.e. talking
53
insight learning
sudden realization of solution or understanding of concept
54
latent learning
occurs w/o reinforcement, only shown when it's needed not conditioned shown only after stimuli is given i.e. mice in maze
55
spatial navigation learning
learning by making associations among stimuli to navigate space type of shaping (more space shown at a time)
56
latent learning vs spatial navigation
latent: stimuli shown after learning is done spatial: uses stimuli to obtain learning
57
4 things that facilitate learning
sleep, timing, context effect, awareness and attention
58
context effect
studying in diff locations improves memory of content
59
sleep
deprivation prevents info from moving into permanent memory
60
awareness and attention
multi-tasking doesn't exist, reduces performance stimuli block e/o if overlapping, i.e. english asmr and note-taking
61
stroop effect
part of aware/attent inability to read colours if written in conflicting colour
62
timing
multiple, spread apart exposures to content most effective

PS101 (11 decks)

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