Unit 15

Question 1

5 proposed reasons for psych disorder

Answer 1

1) genetic factors
2) too few/man neurotransmitters
3) viral infection impacting brain
4) hormones (only potential link)
5) brain structure abnormalities

Question 2

what are the 4 features of abnormal psych?

Answer 2

1) deviance: behaviour deviates from normal societal activities
2) distress: abnormal behaviour/thoughts causes distress in the affected individual
3) dysfunction: behaviour interferes with everyday life, their relationships, etc.
4) disorder: likely to become risk to self

Question 3

ICD-10

Answer 3

used by countries to classify psych disorders

Question 4

DSM

Answer 4

Canadian/North American system to classify psych disorders

includes 400 disorders

on 5th edition (DSM-5)

Question 5

comorbidity

Answer 5

when a person has two or more disorders

Question 6

cognitive-behavioural model

Answer 6

psych illness is a result of maladaptive behaviours and thoughts, that are learned over time

Question 7

behavioural perspective of CBT

Answer 7

psych illness a result of operant and classical conditioning

Question 8

selective perception

Answer 8

only see the negative aspects of things

Question 9

magnification

Answer 9

exaggerating the importance of negative events/ideas

Question 10

overgeneralization

Answer 10

drawing meaningful, NEGATIVE conclusions from a non-significant event

i.e. overthinking

Question 11

socio-cultural model

Answer 11

society characteristics creates stressors for people in those cultural groups

i.e. support system, familial expectations

Question 12

developmental psychology model

Answer 12

how problematic behaviours evolve from genes and early experiences

i.e. abuse in childhood

Question 13

equifinality

Answer 13

children start at different points but end up at the same place

Question 14

multifinality

Answer 14

start at same point but end up at different points in life

i.e. privileged kids, but one ends up in prison

Question 15

resilience

Answer 15

ability to recover from negative effects of circumstance

Question 16

mood disorders

Answer 16

disorders that include depression, mania, or both

depression: low state (depressed), flat feeling of being overwhelmed

mania: elation and frenzy

Question 17

dysthymic disorder

Answer 17

mild, long-lasting depression that’s less severe than major depression

Question 18

cyclothemic disorder

Answer 18

less severe manic and depressive states of BPD

Question 19

major depressive disorder

Answer 19

disabling depressed mood not caused by drugs or other medical condition

can look like anxiety, as patient is agitated

Question 20

explanations major depressive disorder

Answer 20

NO scientific evidence related to hormone imbalances

neuro: low norepinephrine and dopamine, high cortisol

socio-cultural: lack of social support plus cultural stressors

CBT: learned helplessness, attribution-helplessness theory, automatic thoughts (negative, unwanted and sudden)

Question 21

attribution-helplessness theory

Answer 21

view events as out of control, may believe problems are due to SELF

Question 22

explanations BPD

Answer 22

neuro: gene abnormalities, ion irregularities that interfere with neuron communication

other causes: stress and bio predisposition

Question 23

anxiety disorder

Answer 23

disabling anxiety that’s easily triggered

most ppl have multiple disorders

Question 24

generalized anxiety disorder

Answer 24

not triggered by one stimulus as a result of dysfunctional assumptions, can result in restlessness and diff concentrating

Question 25

explanations general anxiety

Answer 25

CBT: assumption of danger, intolerance to uncertainty neuro: malfunctioning GABA feedback and emotional brain circuit, resulting in neurons not ceasing firing when stressed

Question 26

social anxiety disorder

Answer 26

7.1% population fear of social embarassment or poor functioning CBT: unrealistic social standards, view self as socially unattractive

Question 27

phobias

Answer 27

7.7% canadians experience/year can be classically or operantly conditioned i.e. little albert vs avoiding reduces anxiety modelling fear i.e. see parent w fear of spiders excessive evolutionary response i.e. fear of spiders due to posion

Question 28

cause of common phobias

Answer 28

evolutionary factors gone to extreme, has meaning but is now meaningless/gone too far

Question 29

brontophobia

Answer 29

fear of thunder

Question 30

panic attack

Answer 30

periodic bouts of panic has specific requirements in order to be a panic attack

Question 31

panic disorder

Answer 31

has panic attacks AND results in changes in behaviours/thoughts that impacts life often accompanied with agoraphobia

Question 32

explanations of panic disorder

Answer 32

excessive norepinephrine, misinterpretation of body sensations (i.e. heart racing --> heart attack)

Question 33

OCD components

Answer 33

obsessions: thoughts/ideas that are persistent and unwanted compulsions: repetitive, rigid BEHAVIOURS often as a result of obsessions

Question 34

OCD explanations

Answer 34

neuro: low serotonin, overactive orbitofrontal cortex and caudate nuclei - involved in turning sensory info into thoughts/info CBT: learning that compulsions decrease stress/anxiety

Question 35

acute stress disorder (AS)

Answer 35

systems last 1 month or less, and starts within one month after event

Question 36

PTSD

Answer 36

symptoms start right away, and last more than 1 month

Question 37

explanations PTSD

Answer 37

bio: increased norepinephrine and cortisol, damage to hippocampus or amygdala result of personality, social, and cultural factors

Question 38

psychosis

Answer 38

loss of touch with reality

Question 39

schizophrenia

Answer 39

disordered thoughts, hallucinations, lack of contact w reality (psychosis)

Question 40

positive schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 40

pathological EXCESS in behaviour, i.e. hallucinations, delusions delusions: false beliefs about self and others loose associations/derailment: rapid movement of one thought to another

Question 41

negative schizophrenia symptoms

Answer 41

pathological DEFICITS i.e. flat affect, speech impairments, social withdrawal

Question 42

psychomotor symtpoms

Answer 42

schizophrenics are affected in movements, stupor, rigidity

Question 43

catatonia

Answer 43

extreme psychomotor symptoms, interfering with daily life

Question 44

explanations schizo

Answer 44

neruo/bio: genetic predisposition, excess dopamine, enlarged ventricles and smaller temporal/frontal lobes disathesis-stress model: genetic predisposition PLUS traumatic event

Question 45

somatic symptom disorder

Answer 45

causes distress and disruption to daily life, has anxiety around health lasting 6+ months

Question 46

illness anxiety disorder

Answer 46

excessive care seeking 6+ months, result in classic conditioning and misinterpretation of body signals

Question 47

dissociative disorder

Answer 47

major loss of memory without physical explanation

Question 48

dissociative amnesia

Answer 48

cannot remember traumatic experience

Question 49

derealization disorder

Answer 49

person feels separated from body

Question 50

DID

Answer 50

two or more distinct personalities

Question 51

personality disorders

Answer 51

rigid patterns of inner and outward experience i.e. antisocial personality and BPD

Question 52

explanation personality disorders

Answer 52

operant conditioning, deficiency in frontal lobe, less stress to stress and anxiety

Question 53

bisocial theory

Answer 53

child cannot identify emotions and environment disregards feelings