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Bio Gr11 > Unit 2.2 : Nutrition > Flashcards

Unit 2.2 : Nutrition Flashcards

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1
Q

Trophic level:

A

feeding level
energy (10% of previous level)

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2
Q

Herbivores

A

(primary consumers)
eat only plants (producers)

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3
Q

Carnivores

A

(secondary consumers)
eat other consumers

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4
Q

Omnivores

A

eat either producers or consumers

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5
Q

mammals are “warm blooded”

A

homeothermic

They need a lot of food to produce heat energy to keep their bodies warm

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6
Q

Mammals Teeth(4)

A
  1. Incisors
  2. Canines
  3. Premolars
  4. Molars
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7
Q

HERBIVORES dentition

A

(antelope, elephants)
frugivores: fruit
browsers: leaves
grazers: grass

Clip leafy material off from plants and grind into mash
(smaller mouthes)
Big diastema (space in front of premolars)
muscular tongues
incisors bite against : tough horny pad

*incisors
*premolars & molars

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8
Q

Carnivores dentition

A

(lions, dolphins, hyenas)

Predation: hunt, kill, eat
Scavenging (carcasses)

wide jaws & powerful muscles

*Canines (sharp) : tear , kill
*Incisors (pointed): hold, shred
*Molars: carnassial (triangular)
** Diastema (holding prey)

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9
Q

Omnivores dentition
2123

A

(humans, pigs, chickens)

*Incisors: biting
*Canines: Grip & tear
*Flat molars: Chew & Grind

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10
Q

Through-gut :

A

TUBE
1 opening for Ingestion (mouth)
1 opening for egestion (anus)
* food passes along tube
*EXTRACELLULAR DIGESTION

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11
Q

Accessory organs

A

Add secretions to through-gut
OR
Aid chemical digestion
Teeth, Tongue, Salivary glands, Liver, Gall bladder, pancreas

** NOT part of through -gut

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12
Q

Vestigial Organ: APPENDIX

A

Ancestral function lost, structure retained in process of evolution
(disappear over time..)

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13
Q

HUMAN NUTRITION

A
  1. Ingestion
  2. Digestion (mechanical + chemical)
  3. Absorption
    (Transport)
  4. Assimilation (nutrients past of cell)
  5. Egestion
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14
Q

Mechanical Digestion:

A
  1. Mastication
  2. Peristalsis
  3. Churning
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15
Q
  1. Mastication
A

Teeth + Tongue involved.
Crush food
Mix food with Saliva –> BOLUS
(swallowing)

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16
Q
  1. Peristalsis
A

= wave like contractions of the muscular walls of through-gut in segments.

*moves food along alimentary canal
(mixes food with digestive juices)
Fibre + contractions = defaecation

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17
Q
  1. Churning
A

Occurs in STOMACH

Cardiac & Pyloric sphincters close
Thick, muscular walls of stomach crush + mix with gastric juice

LIQUID FOOD : CHYME
(leaves in small amounts via pyloric sphincter
into DUODENUM)

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18
Q

define peristalsis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation of circular muscles in gut wall causing a ring (wave) of constriction behind the bolus, food squeezed onwards

(oesophagus, duodenum, jejenum)

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19
Q

Chemical Digestion:

A

Enzymes break down food: MONOMERS

Carbs form MONOSACCRIDES
(carbohydrases
lactase, maltase, sucrase , HCl)

Proteins form : AMINO ACIDS (proteases)

Lipids form: ESTERS (lipases
3 fatty acids + glycerol

PROCESS: HYDROLYSIS

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20
Q

Hydrolysis

A

Chemical breaking down of any food molecules by hydrolases by addition of water)

CATABOLIC: water added to large molecule breaking down into smaller molecule

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21
Q

Sites of digestion

A

Mouth: Cooked starch (carbohydrates)

Small intestine:
carb, protein & LIPID (stays longest)

Stomach:
Protein digestion

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22
Q

Digestive juices:

A
  1. Saliva
  2. Gastric Juice
  3. Pancreatic Juice
  4. Intestinal Juice
  5. Bile
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23
Q
  1. Saliva
A

made in SALIVARY GLANDS (mouth)

CONSISTS of:
water
mucous
enzymes (carbohydrases)

FUNCTIONS:
lubrication
forms Bolus
chem digestion

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24
Q

Gastric Juice

A

GASTRIC GLANDS (wall of stomach)

CONTAINS:
proteases (digest proteins)
mucous: lubricate food
protect wall from HCl
HYDROCHLORIC ACID:
Antiseptic
Acid medium
Digests sucrose (sucrase)

WATER: solvent for metabolism

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25
Pancreatic Juice
PANCREAS --> DUODENUM contains Enzymes EXOCRINE gland: juice into pancreatic duct (proteins -- polypeptides)
26
Intestinal Juice
Walls of Intestine (3 parts) CONTAINS: mucus : lubricate food enzymes: digest (C, P, L)
27
Bile:
Made in: LIVER Stored: GALL BLADDER Contains NO enzymes Enters DUODENUM as Chyme leaves stomach (pyloric sphincter) FUNCTIONS: Makes acidic CHYME alkaline Alkaline medium for enzymes to work Emulsifies fats (catabolic) Absorbs fat into Lymphatic sys.
28
LIVER functions
Detoxification Makes bile & plasma proteins (albumin, fibrinogen, globulin) Stores Vit. A, D, E, K (makes A from carotene) Stores glucose as GLYCOGEN Changes glycogen into glucose (when extra energy needed) Breaks down excess Amino Acids into glucose breaks down UREA = DEAMINATION Process absorbed nutrients (food)
29
Villi
(villus) = small finger like folds in walls of small intestine Function: absorption of monomers into: BLOOD (amino acids + monosacc.) LYMPHATIC SYS (esters)
30
Why is the villi suited for quick + efficient absorption?
Thin Epithelium layer : monomers move into Villus quick by DIFFUSION Many Mitochondria in EPITHELIAL cells = energy for active transport of monomers Goblet cells : secrete mucous (solvent) for monomers Blood Capillaries transport monomers to cells Muscle strands: Move + stay in contact with food to absorb Large S.A (absorb monomers) MICROVILLI (larger S.A)
31
Cellulose:
roughage , not digestible FUNCTIONS: stimulates peristalsis absorbs water (soften stools) digested by: bacteria in gut
32
How is the gut supplied with blood and lymph
Aorta supplies Stomach & Intestines with Oxygenated blood. Blood leaving organs takes absorbed nutrients in hepatic portal vein to liver. Lymph vessels carry fats away from gut. Lymph & fat enters blood in subclavian vein
33
Why does food need to be digested?
When food is eaten, swallowed and then moves to stomach & intestines it is outside (EXTRACELLULAR) To get into body it must be broken up into small soluble monomers that can move through the walls of gut into blood or lymph stream
34
Tongue actions:
MUSCULAR TONGUE mastication mix food with saliva and enzyme bolus push into pharynx swallow
35
What type of action is peristalsis?
Reflex action , triggered by bolus in pharynx. Pharynx ----> anus
36
Muscular contractions (churning) in stomach produce..
creamy fluid: Chyme
37
How do hydrolases work?
Substrate (food molecules) fit into active site Enzymes supply energy for Catabolic HYDROLYSIS Enzymes work in specific pH everywhere else: alkaline stomach: acidic After bonds broken the smaller molecules leave enzymes to break down other food molecules
38
Where are hydrolases found?
digestive secretions: saliva pancreatic gastric intestinal juice (enter gut)
39
Components and functions SALIVA
Salivary glands enzyme: carbohydrases function: cooked starch--> maltose Alkaline
40
Components and functions GASTRIC JUICE
glands in stomach enzyme: proteases function : protein --> polypeptides Acid
41
Components and functions PANCREATIC JUICE
pancreas --> duodenum enzymnes: C, L, P function: starch --> maltose proteins --> polypeptides Alkaline
42
Components and functions INTESTINAL JUICE
glands in small intestine enzymes: C,L,P functions: maltose --> glucose polypeptides --> amino acids fats --> esters
43
*salivary gland (parotid, sublingual, submaxillary)
Secretes SALIVA (water, salt, enzymes) (carbohydrase) - cooked starch digests
44
*oesophagus
takes food bolus from mouth to stomach
45
*cardiac sphincter
(entry) keeps stomach closed
46
*stomach
breaks down food mechanically (by muscles) and chemically (proteases) secretes hydrochloric acid (provides acidic medium for enzyme action)
47
*pyloric sphincter
(exit) Keeps stomach closed
48
*Pancreas
EXOCRINE gland = duct secretes pancreatic juice (C, P) into Duodenum Produces hormone: INSULIN (control blood glucose levels)
49
*anus
Sphincter muscle controlling egestion / defaecation
50
*rectum
storage of faeces
51
*colon / large intestine CAECUM ASCENDING TRANSVERSE DESCENDING SIGMOID
reabsorption of water & vit. K fibre broken down by bacteria into portions to defaecate (pushed by mass in ileum)
52
*appendix
vestigual tip of caecum
53
*ileo-caecal valve
allows one-way movement of food remains into large intestine
54
*ileum
secretes intestinal juice monomers --> blood ABSORPTION
55
*jejenum
secretes intestinal juice (carbohydrases, lipases, proteases) DIGESTION
56
*duodenum
receives BILE (gall bladder), pancreatic juice, CHYME (stomach)
57
*gall bladder
STORES BILE 1. makes acidic chyme neutral 2. emulsifies fats (larger S.A)
58
*liver
DETOXIFICATION receives absorbed nutrients which it processes / stores Makes bile (for emulsification of fats and providing alkali medium)
59
*tongue
helps with mastication and tasting
60
*mouth
ingestion
61
liver absorption of glucose
glucose molecules combine by condensation synthesis (dehydration) to form insoluble GLYCOGEN. Glycogen is an ideal storage molecule as it is osmotically inactive
62
Labelled diagram of peristalsis
longitudinal muscles circular muscles lumen ring of constriction circular muscles contract - push food circular muscles relax - widen tube bolud

Bio Gr11 (8 decks)

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