Unit 2

Question 1

Prokaryotic Cells

Answer 1

Simple cell, does not have a membrane bound nucleus, Bacteria + Archaea

Question 2

Eukaryotic Cells

Answer 2

Complex cell, Membrane bound nucleus, complex, phospholipid bi-layer

Question 3

Endosymbiosis Theory

Answer 3

Possible explanation of the origin of eukaryotic cells, cell engulfing/not digesting mitochondria and chloroplast

Question 4

Nucleus

Answer 4

Contains DNA, chromosomes

Question 5

Nucleolus

Answer 5

Makes ribosomes

Question 6

Ribosomes

Answer 6

site of protein synthesis

Question 7

Mitochondria

Answer 7

Uses glucose to create cellular energy in the form of ATP (cellular respiration), has DNA

Question 8

Peroxisomes

Answer 8

contain enzyme catalase, breaks down hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)

Question 9

Lysosomes

Answer 9

Break down substances inside a cell (Hydrolysis/digestion). Filled with enzymes.

Question 10

Vacuoles

Answer 10

Used for storage, found in plants and animals (Holds water, oil, pigments for flowers, toxins)

Question 11

Centrosomes

Answer 11

moves chromosomes during cell division, build cytoskeleton, only animal cells

Question 12

Chloroplast

Answer 12

Plant cells only, site of photosynthesis, has DNA, produces sugar for the organism

Question 13

Cell wall

Answer 13

Only plant cells, structure, made of cellulose

Question 14

Sodium Potassium Pump

Answer 14

Helps to maintain osmotic equilibrium and membrane potential in cells (pumps out 3 sodium for every 2 potassium taken in)

Question 15

Denaturing

Answer 15

The protein loses its structure and its functions.

Question 16

Hydrolysis

Answer 16

Polymers are broken apart(digested), water is added

Question 17

Gap junction

Answer 17

animal cells only and are gated channels

Question 18

Plasmodesmata

Answer 18

cytoplasm exchange between plant cells

Question 19

Dehydration synthesis

Answer 19

Monomers are bonded together to form a polymer, water is removed

Question 20

main components of a cell membrane

Answer 20

Hydrophobic heads and hydrophilic tails, phospholipids+cholesterol, carbohydrates, proteins

Question 21

aquaporin

Answer 21

Transport water across the cell membrane while preventing ions to pass through (sodium,potassium)

Question 22

Why are cells small?

Answer 22

They need to be able to get in nutrients and remove waste quickly (less surface area to travel)

Question 23

Hypertonic Solution

Answer 23

Water moves out of the cell, cell shrinks, salty outside(water moves to hypertonic solutions)

Question 24

Hypotonic Solution

Answer 24

Water moves into the cell, cell could burst

Question 25

Isotonic Solution

Answer 25

No net movement (equilibrium)

Question 26

Osmosis

Answer 26

Diffusion of water (attracted to salt)

Question 27

Channel Proteins

Answer 27

Form small openings for molecules to diffuse through (always open)

Question 28

Carrier Proteins

Answer 28

binding site on protein surface "grabs" certain molecules and pulls them into the cell (change shape as they move along the cell membrane)

Question 29

Gated channels

Answer 29

Similar to channel proteins, not always open

Question 30

Cholesterol (lipid)

Answer 30

stiffens membrane by connecting phospholipids

Question 31

Glycolipids (carb)

Answer 31

signal molecules; communicate with other cells

Question 32

Glycoproteins (carb)

Answer 32

Have a chain of sugars; defense against foreign substances (antibodies)

Question 33

Passive transport

Answer 33

No energy required, High to low concentration, only certain substances can pass through the membrane on their own (Diffusion)

Question 34

Facilitated transport

Answer 34

Diffusion that is assisted by channel or carrier proteins

Question 35

Contractile Vacoules

Answer 35

are found in fresh water organisms, pump out excess waterr

Question 36

Turgor pressure

Answer 36

occurs in plant cells as their central vacuoles fill with water

Question 37

Flaccid

Answer 37

plant cell draws away from the cell wall and appears limp

Question 38

Active transport

Answer 38

moving molecules against the concentration gradient, requires energy (ATP), low to high concentration

Question 39

Sodium Function

Answer 39

maintain nerve impulses around the body

Question 40

Potassium Function

Answer 40

used for maintaining cell fluids and electrolyte functions

Question 41

Endocytosis

Answer 41

taking substances into the cell, cell membrane changes shape and engulfs particles (enclosed in a vacuole)

Question 42

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

Answer 42

form of endocytosis that uses proteins to alter the shape of the membrane

Question 43

Exocytosis

Answer 43

pushing substances out of the cell, such as the removal of waste, vesicle fuses with the cell membrane and the contained material is released into the extracellular fluid

Question 44

Selective Permeability

Answer 44

its ability to differentiate between different types of molecules, only allowing some molecules through while blocking others while passing through cell membrane

Question 45

Cell surface carbohydrates are used for...

Answer 45

serve as points of attachment for other cells, viruses, toxins, hormones, and many other molecules