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AP Biology > Unit 3 > Flashcards

Unit 3 Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

Energy

A

the ability to do work

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2
Q

Kinetic energy

A

energy of motion

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3
Q

Potential energy

A

stored energy

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4
Q

First law of thermodynamics: law of conservation of energy

A

energy cannot be destroyed or created

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5
Q

Second law of thermodynamics

A

energy cannot be changed without a loss of usable energy (heat)

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6
Q

Enzymes

A

protein molecule that functions as an organic catalyst to speed up reactions

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7
Q

Substrate

A

enzymes attach to and act on (can be hydrolyzed or synthesized)

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8
Q

Energy of activation

A

the energy required to cause the reaction

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9
Q

Enzymes are denatured in…

A

high temperatures, high pH, high saline solution

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10
Q

While using enzymes, activation energy is…

A

lowered

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11
Q

enzyme names mostly end in the letters…

A

ASE

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12
Q

enzyme that breaks down sucrose is…

A

sucrase

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13
Q

enzyme that breaks down lactose is…

A

lactase

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14
Q

Indused fit model

A

substrates and enzymes fit together

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15
Q

Degradation

A

the substrate is broken down to smaller products (breaking down)

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16
Q

Synthesis

A

the substrates are combined to produce a larger product (building)

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17
Q

Exergonic reactions

A

release energy, spontaneous, down hill reactions

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18
Q

Endergonic reactions

A

absorb energy, requires energy, uphill reactions

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19
Q

Metabolism

A

the sum of all chemical reactions within a living organism

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20
Q

Catabolic reactions

A

break down larger/complex molecules into smaller molecules and release energy (DEGRADATION)(EXERGONIC)

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21
Q

Anabolic reactions

A

use energy to build more complex molecules from relatively simple raw materials (SYNTHESIS)(ENDERGONIC)

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22
Q

Competitive Inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to the active site and blocks it

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23
Q

Allosteric inhibition

A

Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme and alters its shape

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24
Q

Allosteric activators

A

Inhibitor binds to another site on the enzyme and changes the shape so substrates can bind more efficiently

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25
Feedback inhibition
the product of the reaction will become an inhibitor, slowing down/stopping product from being created, conserve energy and maintain homeostasis in the cell
26
Cellular respiration
set of metabolic reactions, takes place in the mitochondria, converts glucose (nutrients) to ATP
27
Aerobic respiration
occurs in the presence if oxygen
28
Anaerobic respiration
takes place when no air is present, produces lactic acid and alcohol
29
Step 1: Glycolysis
occurs in the cytoplasm (out of the mitochondria), breaks down glucose with an enzyme called pyruvate kinase, releases 2 ATP
30
Reshuffling of carbon before Krebs
glucose-> 2 pyruvate(3 carbon)-> 2 Acetyl CoA(2 carbon), extra carbon is waste
31
Step 2: Krebs cycle
occurs in the matrix, FADH2 (another carrier) and NADH are created, net yiwld of 2 ATP, net yield of 6 NADH and 2 FADH2-> sent to ETC, oxidation of glucose produces CO2
32
Step 3: Electron Transport System
consists a series of enzymes on the inner mitochondrial membrane (cristae), electrons are released from NADH and FADH2 passing along these enzymes giving up energy used to processes chemiosmosis<- drives ATP synthase<- makes ADP into ATP (38 ATP total)
33
Stomata
openings in the leaf that allow for the exchange of gases
34
Guard cells
open and close stomata openings
35
Photosynthetic pigments
pigments found in chlorophyll absorb various portions of visible light; absorption spectrum
36
Absorption spectrum
spectophotometer measures the amount of light that passes through a sample of pigments
37
Action spectrum
measures the rate of photosynthesis at different wavelengths of light measured by the rate of oxygen produced
38
Photosynthesis formula
6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2
39
Light reactions
take place when there is light present in the thylakoid
40
Calvin cycle (dark reactions)
take place in stroma, occur in light or dark, reshuffling of carbons using NADPH and ATP as energy
41
Stroma
open space in the chloroplast
42
Thylakoid
green disks found in a stack (granum)
43
photosystem 1
Makes NADPH (part of LR)
44
photosystem 2
Makes ATP (part of LR)
45
Electron Transport Chain
electron receptors from photosystem 2 pass H2O through to create ATP
46
NADP reductase
reaction from photosystem 1 and 2 go through to create NADPH
47
Chemiosmosis
the process of making ATP in LR
48
Fixation
Attachment of CO2 to RuBP
49
RuBP (Rubisco)
a 5 carbon molecule/enzyme that combines with carbon dioxide in the calvin cycle
50
Reduction
3-phospho-glycerate to G3P
51
Regeneration
RuBP from G3P
52
G3P
Glucose, Fructose
53
ATP synthase
enzyme makes ADP into ATP (ADP+P)
54
Negative feedback loop
Returns the body back to a set point (ex. maintaining temperature)
55
Positive feedback loop
increase activity (ex. uterine contractions)
56
Paracrine signals
signal and target cell are close together
57
Endocrine signals
originate from endocrine cells, and send signals to distant target cells through bloodstream
58
Autocrine signals
signal and target cell are the same
59
Direct signaling
Gap junctions (animals), plasmodesmata (plants)
60
Gap junction
gated channels between animal cells
61
Plasmodesmata
cytoplasm exchange between plant cells
62
Cell-surface receptors
viruses attach to a cell and inject DNA
63
Ligand-gated ion channels
channels that open in response of the binding of a ligand
64
Signalling pathway
Reception, Transduction, Response
65
Signal molecule
Molecule sending out signals
66
Target molecule
Molecule receiving signals
67
Gprotein-coupled receptors (GPCR)
Proteins embedded in the membrane alpha-helices and beta sheets are secondary structures (Ligand binds to the recepting site out of the cell, activates GTP in the cell and causes a intercellular response)
68
Neurotransmitters
a signalling molecule secreted by a neuron to after another cell (ex. dopamine)
69
Cellular respiration formula
C6H126O2-> 6CO2+6H2O~38ATP

AP Biology (27 decks)

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