Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Biology > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

Interphase

A

phase that prepares the cell for prophase, contains G1,S,G2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

G1 Phase

A

cell grows, Organelles are replicated, 5-6 hours, checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

S Phase

A

chromosomes are duplicated, Occurs in the nucleus, 10-12 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

G2 Phase

A

more growth, completes preparation for division, 4-6 hours, checkpoint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Prophase I

A

Homologous chromosomes pair up and form tetrad, crossing over occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Metaphase I

A

Homologs line up along the equator

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Anaphase I

A

Spindle fibers move homologous chromosomes to opposite sides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Telophase I

A

Cytoplasm divides, 2 daughter cells are formed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Prophase II

A

Follows meiosis I

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Metaphase II

A

Chromosomes line up along the equator, not in homologous pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Anaphase II

A

Chromatids separate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Telophase II

A

Nuclear membrane forms, cytoplasm divides, 4 daughter cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Gamete

A

sperm, egg cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromatid

A

one half of a chromosome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Homologous chromosomes (homolog)

A

A pair of matching chromosomes in an organism, with one being inherited from each parent

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Independent assortment

A

different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chaismata

A

point where chromosome touch and crossing over occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Spindle fibers

A

attach to the chromosomes in metaphase, work to split apart chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Cytokineses

A

the cytoplasmic division of a cell at the end of mitosis or meiosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Daughter cells

A

product of meiosis or mitosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Haploid

A

sex cells have half a set

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Diploid

A

body cells have the full set of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Meiosis

A

consists of 2 divisions resulting in 4 daughter cells, each with half the number of chromosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Zygote

A

a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Crossing over
the exchange of genes between homologous chromosomes, resulting in a mixture of parental characteristics in offspring
26
Gametogenesis
the process in which cells undergo meiosis to form gametes
27
Homozygous
having two identical alleles of a particular gene (ex. AA, aa)
28
Heterozygous
having two different alleles of a particular gene (ex. Aa)
29
Recessive Allele
an allele whose phenotype effect is not observed (ex. a)
30
Dominant Allele
an allele whose phenotype effect is fully expressed (ex. A)
31
Allele
any of the alternative versions of a gene that may produce distinguishable phenotypic effects
32
Character
an observable heritable feature that may vary among individuals
33
Phenotype
A descriptive of an organisms traits
34
Genotype
A descriptive of its genetic makeup
35
F1 Generation
the first filial, hybrid (heterozygous) offspring arising from a parental (P generation) cross
36
F2 Generation
the offspring resulting from interbreeding (self pollination) of the hybrid in F1 generation
37
Law of segragation
stating that two alleles in a pair separate from each other into different gametes during gamete formation
38
Law of Independent Formation
stating that each pair of alleles assorts independently of each other pair during gamete formation
39
Pleiotropic
the ability of a single gene to have multiple effects
40
Epistatis
a type of gene interaction in which the phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene
41
Polygenic Inheritance
an additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character
42
Individuals who lack the disorder are…
either homozygous dominant or heterozygous
43
Co-dominant
a type of inheritance in which alleles of the same gene are expressed separately to yield different traits in an individual
44
Incomplete Dominance
a form of gene interaction in which both alleles of a gene at a locus are partially expressed, often resulting in an intermediate or different phenotype
45
True breeding
an organism that always passes down certain phenotypic traits to its offspring of many generations
46
Test cross
a cross between an individual displaying a recessive trait and one displaying a dominant trait to determine whether or not the dominant trait is heterozygous
47
Monohybrid cross
single trait crosses (ex. AA x Aa)
48
Dihybrid cross
Double trait crosses (ex. AAbb x AaBB)
49
Chromosomal Theory of Inheritance
states that chromosomes are carriers of genetic information
50
Karyotype
Shows all chromosomes in an organism, organized by size
51
Disorders that are recessive are…
masked in females by the other X chromosome
52
Human Sex Linked Disorders
Colorblindness, Muscular Dystrophy, Hemophilia, Fragile X Syndrome
53
Muscular Dystrophy
Wasting away of muscles, life expectancy is 20 years
54
Hemophilia
“bleeders disease”, blood doesn’t clot properly
55
Fragile X Syndrome
Caused by triplet repeats (duplication mutation) in a gene on the X chromosome, causes mental retardation, tip of the X chromosome seemed to be attached only by a small thread
56
Non-Disjunction
Changes the chromosome #
57
Down Syndrome
extra chromosome in #21
58
Trisomy-18 (Edwards syndrome)
Extra copy of chromosome #18, Failure to grow/gain weight, developmental delays and intellectual disability, physical appearance (malformed ears, small jaw, narrow eyes)
59
Trisomy-13 (Patau Syndrome)
An extra copy of chromosome #13, 50% of babies die in the first month
60
Chromosome Mutations
Deletion, Duplication, Inversion, Translocation
61
Cri Du Chat
Deletion of gene on chromosome #5

AP Biology (27 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions