Unit 2 Flashcards
(165 cards)
1
Q
Phineas Gage
A
injured through his frontal lobes, connection to limbic system was severed
* became a case study in specializations of diff areas in brain
2
Q
HM (Henry Molaison)
A
patient who has parts of hippocampus removed
* got permanent amnesia
3
Q
Paul Broca
A
discovered Broca’s area
4
Q
Carl Wernicke
A
discovered Wernicke’s area
5
Q
Michael Gazzaniga
A
initiated split brain research
6
Q
Roger Sperry
A
established that we have two brains and studied split brain patients
7
Q
William James
A
focused on functions of thoughts and feelings w/ functionalism
* father of american psychology
8
Q
Ernest Hilgard
A
divided consciousness
9
Q
Martin Orne
A
people acted the same when hypnotized and asked to pretend to act hypnotized
* established that hypnotism is not a likely cause of deviant behavior
10
Q
J. Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley
A
activation synthesis theory: dreams happen when the brain tries to make sense of random activity in the brain while asleep
11
Q
Phrenology
A
studying bumps on the brain to see if it would reveal mental information
12
Q
Localization of Function
A
idea that different parts of brain have different functions
13
Q
Neurons
A
- nerve cell
- basic building block of nervous system
14
Q
Cell Body
A
cell’s life support center
15
Q
Dendrite
A
neuron’s extensions that receive messages and conduct towards cell body
16
Q
Axon
A
extension that passes signal away from the cell body
17
Q
Terminal Branch
A
forms junctions with other cells
18
Q
Myelin Sheath
A
- fatty tissue layer encasing axons
- increases transmission speeds
19
Q
Action Potential
A
a neural impulse, a brief electrical charge
20
Q
Ions
A
electrically charged atoms
21
Q
Resting Potential
A
positive ions outside and negative inside
22
Q
Selectively Permeable
A
ex. axon surface
* picky about what goes in and out
23
Q
Depolarization
A
charge change
* outside is negative inside is positive
24
Q
Refractory Period
A
a period of inactivity (refreshing/resetting) after a neuron fired
25
Excitatory Signal
like pushing a neuron's accelerator
26
Inhibitory Signal
like pushing a neuron's brake
27
Threshold
level of stimulation needed to trigger an action potential
28
All or None Response
a neuron completely fires or doesn't, no in between
29
Synapse
where axon terminal and dendrites meet
30
Neurotransmitters
chemical messengers that cross synaptic gap, travel to receptor site and bind there
31
Reuptake
when the sending neuron reabsorbs the excess neurotransmitters
32
Dopamine
* movement
* learning
* attention and emotion
too much = schizophrenia
too less = parkinsons
33
Acetylcholine (ACh)
* muscle action
* learning and memory
* not enough = alzheimers
34
Serotonin
* regulates emotion and behavior
* hunger
* sleep
* inhibits aggression
undersupply = depression
35
Norepinephrine
* helps control alertness and arousal
36
GABA (Gamma Aminobutyric Acid
inhibitory
* controls fear and anxiety
37
Glutamate
in msG
* excitatory
* invovled in memory
38
Endorphins
* pain control
* pleasure
39
Agonist
a molecule that stimulates a response (mimics neurotransmitters) by binding to the receptor site
40
Antagonist
a molecule that binds to a receptor site and inhibits/blocks a response
41
Central Nervous System (CNS)
* brain and spinal chord
* body's decision maker
42
Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
43
Nerves
bundled axons that form neural cables, connecting the CNS to the rest of the body
44
Sensory Neurons
AFFERENT --> carry *incoming* information from sensory receptors to CNS
45
Motor Neurons
EFFERENT --> neurons that carry outgoing info from CNS to muscles and glands
46
Interneurons
only in CNS
* only communicate internally between sensory input and motor output
47
Somatic Nervous System
control voluntary movements of skeletal muscles
48
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
controls self regulated action of internal organs and glands
* contains parasympathetic and sympathetic systems
49
Sympathetic Nervous System
FIGHT OR FLIGHT
arouses body and mobilizes its energy in stressful situations
50
Parasymathetic Nervous System
REST AND DIGEST
calms the body and conserves energy
51
Neural Networks
brain's neurons clustering into work groups
52
Spinal Cord
two way information highway that connects PNS to brain
53
Reflexes
simple autonomic response to sensory stimuli
Remember: U TURN = sensory-->motor
54
Hormones
chemical messengers that are made in the endocrine glands and sent to other tissues through the blood
55
Adrenal Glands
* above kidneys
* secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine
56
Epinephrine/Adrenaline
arouse body in times of stress, increase heart rate, blood pressure and sugar
57
Pituitary Gland
regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
58
Hypothalamus
controls pituitary gland and hunger, thirst
59
Lesion
tissue destruction
* naturally or experimentally caused
60
EEG
recording of the waves of electrical activity on surface of brain through electrodes on scalp
61
CT (Computed Tomography) Scan
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by a computer into a composite representation of a slice of brain's structure
62
PET Scan
visual display of brain activity that detects where a radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain performs a given task
63
MRI
use magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer generated images of soft tissue --> shows brain anatomy
64
fMRI (functional MRI)
reveals bloodflow and brain activity by comparing successive MRI scans
* shows brain functions and structure
65
Brainstem
the oldest part and central core of the brain, respnsible for autonomic survival functions
66
Medulla
controls heartbeat and breathing
67
Pons
helps coordinate movement, functions as a bridge between regions (fibers cross to opposite brain hemispheres) and has a role in sleep cycles, arousal, and bladder control
68
Thalamus
brain's sensory control center, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in the cortex and transmits and replies to the cerebellum and medulla
69
Reticular Formation
nerve network through the brainstem
* controls alertness and arousal
70
Cerebellum
* processes sensory input
* coordinates movement output and balance
* enables non-verbal learning and memory
71
Limbic System
HAH
made of the
* hippocampus
* amygdala
* hypothalamus
72
Amygdala
linked to fear and aggression
73
Hypothalamus
directs maintenance activites
* eating
* drinking
* body temp
helps govern endocrine system via pituitary gland and linked to emotion and reward
74
Hippocampus
invovled in learning and formation of memories
75
Cerebrum
the bulk of the brain and both hemispheres
76
Cerebral Cortex
ultimate control and processing center
77
Glial Cells
support, nourish, and protect neurons, also help w/ learning
78
Fissures
prominent folds that divide the lobes
79
Frontal Lobes
speaking, muscle movement, making plans and judgement
80
Parietal Lobes
recieves sensory input for touch and body position
81
Occipital Lobes
information from visual field processing
82
Temporal Lobes
recieves and processes audiotory input
83
Motor Cortex
controls voluntary movement
84
Cognitive Neural Prosthetics
tech that can carry out movement the user thinks of
85
Somatosensory Cortex
registers and processes body touch and movement sensations
86
Association Areas
involved in higher mental functions like learning, remembering, thinking, and speaking
87
Prefrontal Cortex
enables judgement, planning, and processing of new memories
88
Broca's Area
speech production
89
Wernicke's Area
speech comprehension
90
Plasticity
the brain's ability to change, especially during childhood, by reorganizing after damage or by building new pathways based on experience
91
Neurogenesis
the formation of new neurons
92
Corpus Callosum
neural fibers that connect both hemispheres of the brain
93
Split Brains
brain halves are isolated by surgical severing
94
Hemispheric Specialization
each half of the brain specializes in something different
95
Consciousness
awareness of ourselves and environment
96
Cognitive Neuroscience
the interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked to cognition
97
Dual Processing
principle that information is both processed consciously and unconsciously at the same time
98
Hollow Face Illusion
the conscious brain views the inverted mask as protruding but the unconscious brain views it as inverted and people acted on their unconscious knowledge.
99
Behavior Genetics
study of power and limits of genetics and environmental influences on behavior
100
Genome
complete instructions for making an organism consists of all genetic material in chromosomes
101
Identical Twins
developed from single egg
102
Fraternal Twins
developed from two different eggs not identical genes
103
Studies on Separated Twins
even after being separated, there are many similarities
104
Studies on Biological vs Adopted Relatives
adopted people are more likely to be similar to their biological parents and family than their adopted ones
105
Heritability
the proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes
106
Epigenetics
study of environmental influences on gene expression that occur without a DNA change
107
Second Darwinian Revolution
application of evolutionary principles to psychology
108
Circadian Rhythm
preiodice physiological fluctuations that occur on our 24 hour biological clock
109
REM Sleep
rapid eye movement
vivid dreams and nightmares
110
Beta Waves
waves when awake
111
Alpha Waves
waves when drowsy
* awake but relaxed
112
Sleep Spindles
NREM2
bursts of quick activity
113
K complex spikes
NREM2
spikes in brain activity
can be controlled by stimuli
114
Delta Waves
NREM3
deepest stage
most restorative
115
NREM2
most sleep is done here
116
Paradoxical Sleep
during REM you are in deep sleep but your brain waves are similar to being awake
117
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
a cluster of cells in the hypothalamus tha control the circadian rhythm. they make the pineal gland adjust melatonin production based on light
118
Melatonin
sleeping hormone
119
Sleep Theory: Protects
natural selection
* ancestors didn't survive if they were active in the night
* sleep pattern fits niche
120
Sleep Theory: Helps us Recuperate
restores and repairs brain tissue
* synthesizes proteins
121
Sleep Theory: Restores and Rebuilds fading memories of the day's experiences
sleep consolidates memories
122
Sleep Theory: Feeds Creative Thinking
dreams can inspire and more sleep means you can problem solve and make connections better
123
Sleep Theory: Supports Growth
during sleep the pituitary gland increases growth hormones
124
Effects of Sleep Deprivation
increased risk of viral infection
* higher production of fat cells
* more inflammation
* ghrelin and less leptin
125
Ghrelin
hunger arousing hormone
126
Leptin
hunger suppressing hormone
127
Insomnia
cant fall or stay asleep
128
Narcolepsy
randomly fall asleep
* go directly into REM sleep
* decrease in **orexin**
129
Orexin
controls appetite and sleeping patterns
130
Sleep Apnea
temporarily stop breathing during sleep
131
Night Terrors
NREM3
not nightmares
have a physical reaction
132
Sleepwalking
somnabulism
NREM3
133
Manifest Content
remembered storyline
134
Latent Content
underlying meaning of a dream
135
Dream Theory: satisfy wishes
dreams can help you live out things you want
136
Dream Theory: file away memories
information processing --> dreams can help sort and fix the day's memories
137
Dream Theory: develop and preserve neural pathways
provides the brain with periodical stimulation which preserves and expands these pathways
138
Dream Theory: to make sense of neural static
dreams are the brain's attempt of making sense of random neural activity
basically activation synthesis
139
Dream Theory: to reflect cognitive development
dreams reflect the dreamer's cognitive development
140
REM Rebound
tendency for REM sleep to increase following REM sleep deprivation
141
Pyschoactive Drugs
a chemical substance that alters perceptions, behavior, and mood
142
Tolerance
repeated exposure lessens the effects
143
Neuroadaptation
user's brain chemistry adapts to offset the drug effect
144
Addiction
compulsive craving of drugs or certain behaviors despite known adverse consequences
145
Withdrawal
upon stopping consumption of a drug users may experience physical illness
146
Depressant
drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions
147
Alcohol
disinhibitor and depressant that slows brain acitivity
148
Disinhibitor
slows brain activity that controls judgement and inhibitions
149
Slowed Neural Processing
alcohol slows SNS, causes bad deicions, and people can poison because of vomit repsonse
150
Memory Disruption
people can black out from alcohol when it suppresses REM sleep and also have brain shrinkage
151
Expectancy Effects
thinking that they consumed alcohol made them act different and attributed behavior to it
152
Barbituate
drugs that depress CNS activity, reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgement
153
Tranquilizer
barbituates
154
Opiate
opium and its derivates; they depress neural activity which temporarily lessens pain and anxiety
155
Endorphins
the brain's own opiates
156
Stimulant
drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions
157
Amphetamines
drugs that stimulate neural activity causing sped up body functions and associated energy and mood changes
158
Nicotine
a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco
159
Cocaine
powerful, addictive stimulant, derived from coca plant, producing temporarily increased alertness and euphoria
160
Methamphetamine
stimulates the CNS, same affects as amphetamines, reduces baseline dopamine levels
161
Esctasy (MDMA)
synthetic stimulant and mild hallucinogen causes euphoria
* long term harm to serotonin producing neurons and cognition
162
Psychedelics
distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input
163
LSD
a powerful hallucinogenic drug; also known as acid
164
THC
major active ingredients in marijuana; triggers a variety of effects including mild hallucinations
165
Medical Marijuana
approved to relieve pain and nausea for certain diseases
