Unit 6

Question 1

concepts

Answer 1

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people

Question 2

prototype

Answer 2

a mental image or a best example of a concept

Question 3

convergent thinking

Answer 3

coming up with ONE solution, one way of thinking

Question 4

divergent thinking

Answer 4

has MANY answers and different ways of thinking

Question 5

sternberg’s five components of creativity

Answer 5

1. expertise
2. imaginative thinking skills
3. adventuresome personality
4. intrinsic motivation
5. creative environment

Question 6

creativity

Answer 6

the ability to produce novel and valuable ideas

Question 7

algorithms

Answer 7

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Question 8

heuristics

Answer 8

a rule of thumb that generally, but not always, can be used to make a judgement to solve a problem

Question 9

insight

Answer 9

involves sudden novel realization of a solution to a problem

Question 10

confirmation bias

Answer 10

a tendency to search for info that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence

Question 11

fixation

Question 12

mental set

Answer 12

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way often that has been successful in the past

Question 13

intuition

Answer 13

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought as constrasted with explicit, conscious reasoning

Question 14

functional fixedness

Answer 14

a cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used

Question 15

representativeness heuristic

Answer 15

judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent or match a particular PROTOTYPE

Question 16

availability heuristic

Answer 16

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory if instances come readily to mind, we presume such events are common

Question 17

overconfidence

Answer 17

tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one’s beliefs and judgements

Question 18

belief perseverence

Answer 18

clinging to one’s initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed has been discredited

Question 19

framing

Answer 19

the way an issue is posed; how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgements

Question 20

language

Answer 20

a means of communication – our spoken, written, or gestured word, language transmits culture

Question 21

phonemes

Answer 21

smallest unit of distinctive sound in a language
- about 44 phonemes

Question 22

morphemes

Answer 22

smallest unit of meaningful sound
- can be words like “a” or “but”
- can also be prefixes or suffixes like “ed”

Question 23

grammar

Answer 23

a system of rules in a language that enables us to communicate with and understand others
- includes semantics and syntax

Question 24

receptive language

Answer 24

ability to understand language

Question 25

productive language

Answer 25

ability to produce language

Question 26

babbling stage

Answer 26

- 4 months - noises like "goo ga" - NOT an imitation fo adult speech

Question 27

one word stage

Answer 27

- holophrastic stage - one year - family can understand - words can communicate a whole idea "water = i'm thirsty and i need to drink some water"

Question 28

two word stage

Answer 28

- telegraphic stage - two years - talk like a telegraph "go car = i want to go for a ride in the car"

Question 29

universal grammar

Answer 29

noam chomsky's idea that all languages share some basic elements

Question 30

statistical learning

Answer 30

an unconcious cognitive process in which repeated patterns or regularities are extracted from the sensory environment

Question 31

critical periods

Answer 31

childhood is an important time to learn certain aspects of language -- essentially its a "language learning window"

Question 32

aphasia

Answer 32

impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere damage

Question 33

broca's area

Answer 33

controls production of speech

Question 34

wernicke's area

Answer 34

controls understanding of speech

Question 35

linguistic determinism

Answer 35

whorf's hypothesis that language determines the way we think

Question 36

thinking in images

Answer 36

imagining a physical activity activates the same brain regions as when actually performing the activity

Question 37

intelligence

Question 38

intelligence test

Question 39

general intelligence

Question 40

factor analysis

Question 41

thurstone's primary mental abilities

Question 42

gardner's multiple intelligences

Question 43

savant syndrome

Question 44

grit

Question 45

10 year rule

Question 46

sternberg's triarchic theory

Question 47

emotional intelligence

Question 48

correlational relationship between brain size and smarts

Question 49

brain scans and neural functioning

Question 50

mental image

Question 51

stanford binet

Question 52

intelligence quotient

Question 53

achievement tests

Question 54

aptitude tests

Question 55

wechsler adult intelligence scale

Question 56

standardization

Answer 56

the questions have been piloted on similar populations and the scores fall on a normal distribution

Question 57

normal curve

Question 58

flynn effect

Question 59

reliability

Answer 59

the extent to which a test yields consistent results over time.

Question 60

validity

Answer 60

test needs to measure what it says its going to measure

Question 61

content validity

Question 62

predictive validity

Question 63

cross sectional evidence

Question 64

longitudinal evidence

Question 65

cohort

Question 66

crystallized intelligence

Question 67

fluid intelligence

Question 68

intellectual disability

Question 69

down syndrome

Question 70

characteristics of gifted

Question 71

criticisms of tracking

Question 72

twin and adoption studies

Question 73

heritability

Question 74

early influences

Question 75

school

Question 76

gender differences

Question 77

role of social expectations

Question 78

genetic research

Question 79

role of race

Question 80

impact of nutrition and education

Question 81

gap between rich and poor

Question 82

cultural golden ages

Question 83

meaning of bias

Question 84

stereotype threat