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learning psych 387 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Unconditional reflex

A

= unconditional stimulus -> unconditional response

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2
Q

Unconditional stimulus

A

triggers an unconditional response to make up an unconditional reflex

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3
Q

Unconditional response

A

triggered by an unconditional stimulus to make up an unconditional reflex

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4
Q

Conditional reflex

A

occur depending on many conditions
CS + CR = conditional reflex

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5
Q

Conditional stimulus

A

stimulates a condition response (CR) to make up a conditional reflex

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6
Q

Conditional response

A

occurs after a conditional stimulus (CS) to make up a conditional reflex

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7
Q

Pavlov identified two types of reflexes, _____ and _____.

A

unconditional
conditional

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8
Q

Higher-order conditioning

A

pairing a neutral stimulus with an established conditional stimulus (CS)

Frolov

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9
Q

In higher-order conditioning, a neutral stimulus is paired with a well-established ______ stimulus.

A

conditional

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10
Q

latency

A

measure of learning corresponding to response time

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11
Q

Test trials

A

aka Probe trials
the CS is presented alone (no US) to see if the CR occurs
conditional stimulus -> conditional response

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12
Q

Pseudoconditioning

A

the tendency of a neutral stimuli to elicit a CR after a US elicits a reflex.

aka a false appearance of a CR that arises from unrelated factors

US + (other factor) -> CR

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13
Q

Trace conditioning

A

CS-US pairing; gap between the two stimuli occuring
CS -> time -> US -> UR

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14
Q

Delay conditioning

A

CS + US contiguity; the US appears before the CS disappears
e.g., thunder begins before lightning end
CS + US -> UR

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15
Q

Simultaneous conditioning

A

The CS and US start and end together
- weak procedure
CS + US -> UR

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16
Q

Backward conditioning

A

The CS follows the US. Rarely works in lab (Pavlov assistant tried 427 times)
US -> CS -> UR

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17
Q

Contingency

A

if-then; CS-US pairing

↑Reliability ↑Learning

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18
Q

Continguity

A

the closeness in time or space between two events.
ISI

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19
Q

Interstimulus interval

A

the contiguity of CS-US pairing.
The shorter the ISI, the more efficient the conditioning

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20
Q

Taste aversion

A

Pairing a distinctive taste with something nausea-inducing.

ISI can be several hours.

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21
Q

Compound stimulus

A

2+ stimuli paired together.
Tested together than separately to determine learning

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22
Q

Overshadowing

A

one stimulus overshadowing the effect of the other

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23
Q

Latent inhibition

A

The appearance of a stimulus without the US, which causes interference with the ability of that stimulus to become a CS later.

Affects contingency.

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24
Q

Blocking

A

The prior experience with a stimulus interferes with the ability for it to become a CS

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25
Q

Sensory preconditioning

A

Two neutral stimuli are repeatedly paired together without a US.
Then, one is paired with a US to become a CS
-> the unpaired stimulus then creates a CR response

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26
Q

InterTRIAL interval

A

The gap between successive trials. Affects the rate of conditioning.

Intertrial intervals -> longer is better
Interstimulus intervals -> shorter is better

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27
Q

Four variables that affect the rate of conditioning are:

A

how the CS and US are paired; CS–US contingency; CS–US contiguity; stimulus features; prior experience with CS and US; number of CS–US pairings; intertrial interval; age; temperament; emotional state/stress.

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28
Q

Extinction

A

Repeated presentation of the CS alone until the CR no longer occurs

CS is paired with an absence of the US. Not “forgetting”

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29
Q

Spontaneous recovery

A

The reoccurrence of a CR from an extinguished CS

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30
Q

Stimulus Substitution Theory

A

As per Pavlov, the CS is a substitution for the US.
Repeated pairings cause the US-UR neural link to be established between the CS-UR. CS/US stimulate the same area of the brain.

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31
Q

According to stimulus substitution theory, the ______ substitutes for the ______.

A

conditional stimulus (CS)

unconditional stimulus (US)

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32
Q

Preparatory response theory

A

Kimble proposed the UR is an innate response that deals with the US, but the CR is a response designed to prepare for the US

33
Q

Kimble

A

Preparatory response theory

34
Q

Preparatory response theory

A

Kimble suggested the UR is an innate response for dealing with the US,
and the CR merely prepares for the CS

35
Q

Seigel

A

Compensatory response theory; argued the CR prepares for the US by compensating for it’s effects
morphine (US) -> ↓ sensitivity to pain (UR)
associated stimuli (CS) -> ↑ sensitivity to pain (CR)

36
Q

Lightfoot

A

Compensatory response theory w/ college students
beer 5 days in a row over 30 min. Fifth day = new space. The students in the new place were more drunk
Novel setting lacked the other CS, so there was no compensatory CR, and alcohol is more effective

37
Q

Compensatory response theory

A

Variation of the preparatory response theory - Seigel argues the CR preps for the US by compensation

38
Q

Conditional Awareness theory

A

Proposes the CR is a result of awareness of the CS-US connection However, conditioning can occur without CS-US contingency awareness

39
Q

Rescorla-Wagner model

A

There is a limit on the amount of conditioning that can occur with stimuli. Determined by nature of the US (bread vs meat), and maximum learning occurred (e.g., 100 bee stings -> fear doesn’t increase)

40
Q

The Rescorla-Wagner model recognizes that the greatest amount of learning occurs in the ______ pairings of CS and US.

A

first/earliest

41
Q

In trace conditioning, the ______ begins and ends before the ______ appears.

A

CS
US

42
Q

In delay conditioning, the ______ ends only after the ______ begins.

A

CS
US

43
Q

In Pavlovian conditioning, ______ usually refers to the interval between CS and US.

A

contiguity

44
Q

If one part of a compound stimulus fails to become a CS, ______ has occurred.

A

overshadowing

45
Q

Wallace & Rosen

A

Demonstrated that rats have a UR to the odorous chemicals of fox feces. Survival advantage.

46
Q

Watson + Rayner

A

Little Albert
US (noise) -> UR (fear)
CS (rat) + US (noise) -> UR (fear)
Rat -> Fear

47
Q

Jones

A

Counterconditioning which grew to exposure therapy
Peter, fear of rabbits: CS (rabbit) + positive US (snacks) -> decreased dear.
In vivo

48
Q

Systemic Desentitization

A

Patient + therapist create a list of scenarios from comfortable -> extreme fear. Patient imagines scenarios and therapists conducts relaxation exercise to associate relaxation with the scenario.
Scenario (CR) + positive US (relaxation) -> CR (decreased fear)
Developed by Wolpe

49
Q

Wolpe

A

systemic desensitization

50
Q

VRET

A

virtual reality exposure therapy
Rothbaum -> heights, flying
Hoffman -> Miss Muppett’s spiders

51
Q

Parish

A

predujice studies; American children towards Vietnamese; could not obtain the same results with blacks.

52
Q

Olsson

A

paired images with positive or negative words; increased positive feelings toward black americans

53
Q

Aversive therapy

A

a sexually-arousing CS is followed by a nonsexual US to eliminate the arousal

54
Q

Lavin

A

therapy w/ crossdressing man. took pics, gave him emetic and showed him pics while an audio tape describing what was happening played. Effective.

55
Q

Maletzsky

A

treated exhibitionists by pairing CS (imagining exposing) with a US (foul smelling acid). Effective.

56
Q

Garcia

A

conditioned rats to avoid sweet water using gamma radiation
conditioned taste aversion or conditioned food avoidance

57
Q

Conditioned taste aversion+ 2 differences w/ Pavlov

A

conditioned food avoidance; Garcia
1. CS + US occurs ONCE
2. ISI trial is several minutes

Food -> poison can be delayed (Explains long ISI), and can result in death (one trial and done!)

58
Q

Gorn

A

Paired music with a pen color. American music = preferred the corresponding pen color.
Ethnic music = preferred to non-corresponding pen color

59
Q

Stuart

A

Toothpaste: conditioned students to prefer a fictious toothpaste brand by pairing it with positive scenes

60
Q

Gibson

A

Established in a coke/pepsi experiment that people who strongly favour something are difficult to persuade.

61
Q

Albert became fearful of the rat because the arrival of the rat regularly preceded ______.

A

loud noise

62
Q

VRET stands for ______ ______ ______ ______ (4).

A

virtual reality exposure therapy

63
Q

Prejudice is an example of a CER, or ______.

A

conditional emotional response

64
Q

In the Garcia experiment just described, the CS is______, and the US is______.

A

saccharin (sugar)
radiation

65
Q

Advertisers pair their products with items that arouse ______.

A

positive emotions

66
Q

Q6. Classical conditioning provides explanations for the basic phenomena of drug addiction, the high, ______ , ______, and______.

A

tolerance, withdrawal, relapse

67
Q

Classical conditioning appears to be a way of helping to diagnose several
medical disorders, one of which is ______.

A

dementia/ Alzheimer’s / deafness/ autism/ OCD

68
Q

The phenomenon of latent __________________ suggests that we are more likely to develop aversions to novel foods than to familiar ones.

A

inhibition

69
Q

People used to believe that children were instinctively afraid of fire, animals, and many other things. John Watson and Rosalie ___________________ found that many such fears were not innate but were acquired through conditioning.

A

Rayner

70
Q

The first person to use counterconditioning to treat a phobia was probably _______________________.

A

Jones (Peter + rabbit + snacks)

71
Q

The work of Staats and Staats suggests that prejudice may be partly the result of ___________________-order conditioning.

A

higher

72
Q

. Dana Bovbjerg and his colleagues found that women receiving chemotherapy in a hospital later showed decreased functioning of their ____________________ system when they returned to the hospital.

A

immune

73
Q

Gorn influenced product choice by pairing pens of a certain color with Certain kinds of ______________________

A

music

74
Q

In ______ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic
drug.

A

aversion

75
Q

The pairing of a particular food with nausea-inducing stimuli often results in a conditioned ____________________________.

A

food avoidance
or
taste aversion

76
Q

In ______________________ therapy, a stimulus that elicits an inappropriate response is paired with an aversive stimulus such as shock or an emetic drug.

A

aversion

77
Q

Morgan Doran used conditioning to train sheep not to eat _________________________.

A

vineyard weeds

78
Q

Masochism may be the result of pairing stimuli that cause pain or humiliation with those that cause __________________.

A

sexual arousal

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