Unit 7

Question 1

Forgetting

Answer 1

deterioration in performance of learned behaviour following a retention interval

Question 2

Retention interval

Answer 2

a period where learning, practice or behaviour does not occur

Question 3

Declarative memory

Answer 3

memory that can be expressed in words, pictures and gestures

Question 4

Semantic memory

Answer 4

“knowledge of the world” - Tulving

Question 5

episodic memory

Answer 5

non-declarativememory; personally experienced events

aka autobiographical or event memories

Question 6

Non-declarative memory

Answer 6

learning that cannot be expressed

aka implicit knowledge

Question 7

free recall

Answer 7

giving the opportunity to perform a previously learned behaviour

Question 8

cued recall

Answer 8

aka prompted recall
when hints/prompts are presented to increase the likelihood a behaviour will be produced

used with animals

Question 9

Relearning method

Answer 9

measures forgetting in terms of the amount of training required to reach the previous level of performance

Question 10

Savings method

Answer 10

the savings in re-training versus the original training (relearned method)

Question 11

Recognition

Answer 11

Measures forgetting through identification of previously learned material; may contain distractors

Question 12

DMTS

Answer 12

delayed matching to sample
similar to MTS however, the stimulus is not “matched” (animal is prevented from performing presentation of the sample)

Question 13

Extinction method

Answer 13

when forgetting occurs more rapidly than it would have otherwise
learned behaviour -> retention interval -> put on extinction

Question 14

Gradient degradation

Answer 14

Measuring forgetting through the flattening of a generalization gradient

Question 15

Overlearning

Answer 15

learning something beyond mastery level and effects of learning remain over a longer period of time

Question 16

Fluency

Answer 16

the number of correct responses per minute; a measure of learning

Question 17

Proactive interference

Answer 17

when prior learning interferes with present learning or recall of new info

Question 18

Paired associate learning

Answer 18

Calkin’s procedure where participants learn A-C pairs of words. Some learn A-B pairs prior to A-C; those who learned A-B experienced more difficulty recalling A-C after a retention interval. More prior learned lists = more difficulty

Question 19

Retroactive inference

Answer 19

When learning increases forgetting of previous learning

Question 20

Context

Answer 20

stimuli present during learning that is not directly relevant to learning

Question 21

Cue-dependent forgetting

Answer 21

forgetting due to the absence of stimuli that are present during learning

Question 22

Rovee-Collier

Answer 22

Mobile-baby kicking experiment; when the bumper was changed, the baby forgot behaviour
example of cue-dependent forgetting

Question 23

Greenspoon + Raynard

Answer 23

student test results are better when tested under the same situation that learning occurs in
- cue-dependent forgetting

Question 24

State-dependent learning

Answer 24

when performance of learned behaviour varies with the physiological state during learning and retention

Question 25

Overton

Answer 25

state-dependent learning
rats tranquilized, taught a maze. when sober, cannot complete maze
when tranquilized again, successfully complete maze

Question 26

Imaginary inflation

Answer 26

when imagining an event that did not happen leads to the individual believing it did
- retroactive interference - learning of “new” things induces forgetting of past learning

Question 27

Loftus

Answer 27

malleability of eyewitnesses
definite (the) vs indefinite (a) verbs - makes a difference in recall

Question 28

Distributed practice

Answer 28

practice distributed over a period of time

Question 29

Massed practice

Answer 29

cramming

Question 30

Bahrick

Answer 30

students who study 1x month/7 months forgot less than students studying 7 days in a row

Question 31

SAFMEDS

Answer 31

say all fast minute each day shuffle

Question 32

instinctive drift

Answer 32

the tendency to revert back to a fixed action pattern

Question 33

Seligman’s continuum of preparedness

Answer 33

animal is genetically prepared, unprepared or contra-prepared