Unit 6

Question 1

Observational learning

Answer 1

learning from the experiences of a model
learning from observing events and their consequences

Question 2

Active Model type

Answer 2

aka social observational learning

Question 3

vicarious reinforcement

Answer 3

when a model’s behaviour strengthens an observer’s tendency of that behaviour

Question 4

vicarious punishment

Answer 4

when a model’s behaviour weakens the observer’s tendency of that behaviour

Question 5

Warden

Answer 5

two-compartment box of monkeys; 58 observations - monkey attempts to problem solve

Question 6

Hopper

Answer 6

similar to Warden
chimp models left/right sliding of door to access grape.
observer is always successful and always slides to the same direction

Question 7

Levy

Answer 7

children pick preferential photos and given corresponding feedback
observer leans towards their preferences and prefer pics that gain priase

Question 8

Kanfer

Answer 8

isolated college student prompted to give first word that comes to mind
“hears” other responses and is more likely to use those responses, especially if the response gained praise

Question 9

Asocial learning

Answer 9

learning from events in the absence of a model
no vicarious reinforcement or punishment

Question 10

Ghost condition

Answer 10

movement that are seemingly caused by no person from the observer’s perspective
(e.g., fishing line)

Question 11

Imitation

Answer 11

behave in a way that resembles a model

Question 12

Lyons

Answer 12

jar w/ toy and feather “tapping” - child identifies silly vs necessary tasks, corrected if necessary and otherwise praised
when given the opportunity to open a jar unsupervised, they will still do the silly steps

Question 13

over-imitation

Answer 13

superfluous completion of a behaviour after witnessing superfluous steps

Question 14

generalized imitation

Answer 14

the tendency to imitate (versus the specific imitation of behaviour)

Question 15

Bandura’s Social Cognitive Theory

Answer 15

four cognitive processes responsible for learning
attentional, retentional, motor-reproductive, motivational

Question 16

attentional processes

Answer 16

self-directing attention towards the environment, construction of meaningful perception from ongoing modelled events

Question 17

retentional processes

Answer 17

representative images of the model’s behaviour to assist encoding

Question 18

motor-reproductive processes

Answer 18

symbolic representations stored during retentional processes

Question 19

motivational processes

Answer 19

the evaluating of the PERCEIVED/EXPECTED consequences of a behaviour

Question 20

covert rehearsal

Answer 20

silent /unobservable rehearsing

Question 21

Generalization

Answer 21

the tendency for a learning experience to spread and sometimes “transfer” or move”

Question 22

Transfer

Answer 22

aka generalization

Question 23

Response generalization

Answer 23

generalization across behaviours

Question 24

Stimulus generalization

Answer 24

generalization across situations

Question 25

Generalization gradient

Answer 25

graph of stimuli similar to CS vs response

Question 26

Discrimination training notation

Answer 26

CS+ and CS- (inhibit)
S- or S▵ (inhibit)
S+ or SD (excite)

Question 27

Stimulus Discrimination

Answer 27

the tendency for behaviour to occur in certain situations but not other

Question 28

Discrimination training

Answer 28

procedure to establish discrimination between stimulus

Question 29

Simultaneous discrimination training

Answer 29

simultaneously presented stimulus

Question 30

Successive discrimination training

Answer 30

successive presented stimulus

Question 31

Matching to sample (MTS)

Answer 31

select stimulus similar to sample

Question 32

Oddity matching or mismatching

Answer 32

select stimulus opposite to sample or mismatched

Question 33

Terrace procedure

Answer 33

errorless discrimination training

Question 34

Errorless discrimination training

Answer 34

decreases errors; incorrect stimuli is presented in short bouts

Question 35

DOE

Answer 35

differential outcomes effect; varied consequences and reinforcers

Question 36

Stimulus control

Answer 36

when a behaviour is brought out by discrimination training

Question 37

Mental rotation

Answer 37

generalization; rotating letters for MTS

Question 38

Concepts

Answer 38

using defining features to discriminate from one class to another

Question 39

Reit et al.

Answer 39

college students rotating geometric shapes to MTS
more rotation = more time to identify

Question 40

Herrnstein et al.

Answer 40

concept learning; pigeons peck images with humans

Question 41

Smoking relapse

Question 42

Pavlov’s theory

Answer 42

Physiological links between excitiation and inhibition areas of the brain. Similar stimuli (CS+) evoke similar responses, and the UR/CR occurs.

Question 43

Spence’s Theory

Answer 43

drops Pavlov’s physiology and keeps excitation and inhibition
the tendency to respond is reduced by the tendency to note respond

Question 44

Excitatory gradient

Answer 44

generalization gradient that results in excitation or increased tendency with SD or CS+

Question 45

Inhibitory gradient

Answer 45

generalization gradient that results in decreased tendency or inhibition with Sdelta or CS-

Question 46

Peak shift

Answer 46

the shift in behaviour away from the SD in opposite direction of the Sdelta

Question 47

Lashley-Wade

Answer 47

gradient is dependent upon prior experience; there is always a prior experience with a similar stimuli