unit 2 Flashcards by lady henituse

may be defined as a deviation from the normal structure or function of any part, organ
system (or combination of these) or from a state of wellness

disease

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maintenance of a relatively stable environment regardless
of external changes.

homeostasis

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refers to the progression of a disease process in an individual
over time, in the absence of treatment.

NHoD

the national history of disease

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timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of _______
stage of subclinical disease
stage of clinical disease
stage of recovery, disability or death

stage of susceptibility

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timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of ________
stage of clinical disease
stage of recovery, disability or death

stage of subclinical disease

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timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of subclinical disease
stage of ________
stage of recovery, disability or death

clinical disease

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timeline in the natural history of disease

stage of susceptibility
stage of subclinical disease
stage of clinical disease
stage of rd o d

recovery, disability or death

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is the pre-exposure period in the natural history of disease, in which
the individual in the population is vulnerable or at risk to acquire the infection

susceptibility stage

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occurs wherein pathological changes occur without the individual
being aware of them. This stage extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease
symptoms.

subclinical disease

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between stage of susceptibility and stage of subclinical disease
(e)

exposure

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between stage of subclinical disease (pc)

pathologic changes

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between stage of subclinical disease and stage of clinical disease (oos)

onset of symptoms

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start of stage of clinical disease (utod)

usual time of diagnosis

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subclinical disease extends from the time of exposure to the onset of disease
symptoms. This term is synonymous with the ______(ip) for infectious diseases, and
the ________(lp) for chronic diseases.

incubation period; latency period

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The onset of symptoms marks the transition from subclinical to _________ (cd)

clinical disease

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Most
diagnoses are made during the stage of clinical disease. Ultimately, the disease process ends either
in ________ rdd

recovery, disability or death.

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_________ oos marks the transition from subclinical to clinical disease.

onset of symptoms

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______ agents may be biological, chemical, or physical

causative

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virus = p and h

pesticides and heat

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rickettsiae = f a and l

food additives and light

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bacteria = p and r

pharmacologics and radiation

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fungi = i c and n

industrial chemicals and noise

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protozoa = a p and v

air poulltion and vibration

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metazoa = c s and s o

cigarette smoke and speeding objects

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diseases caused by biological agents or their products and are transmissible from one individual to another.

communicable disease

the establishment of a communicable disease agent in a host organism.

infection

those that cannot be transmitted from one person to another.

non communicable disease

diseases in which the peak severity of symptoms occurs and subsides within 3 months (usually sooner) and the recovery of those who survive is usually complete.

acute disease

conditions are those in which symptoms continue longer than 3 months and, in some cases, for the remainder of one’s life. Recovery is slow and sometimes incomplete.

chronic disease

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? common cold

acute and communicable

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? pneumonia

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? mumps

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? measles

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? pertussis

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? typhoid

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? cholera

acute and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? appendicitis

acute and noncommu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? injury due to motor veh crash fire

acute noncommu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? aids

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? lyme disease

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? tuberculosis

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? syphilis

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? rheumatic fever following streptococcal infections

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? hepa b

chronic and commu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? diabetes

chronic and noncommu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? coronary heart disease

chronic and noncommu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? osteoarthritis

chronic and noncommu

acute or chronic? communicable or non communicable? cirrhosis of the liver due to alcoholism

chronic and noncommu

is a disease that is transmitted from an animal to another animal, an animal to a human, a human to another human, or a human to an animal. Transmission can be direct, such as through respiratory means, or indirect through a vector

communicable disease

i refers to the ability of a biological agent to enter and grow in a host.

infectivity

p refers to an infectious disease agent’s ability to produce disease.

pathogenectity

v refers to the proportion of clinically apparent cases that are severe or fatal.

virulence

a is the element that must be present for disease to occur.

agent

includes all other factors—physical, biological, or social—that inhibit or promote disease transmission. Communicable disease transmission occurs when a susceptible host and a pathogenic agent exist in an environment conducive to disease transmission.

enivironment

h is any susceptible organism—a single-celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a human—invaded by an infectious agent

host

the epidemiologic triangle h ae

host agent evnironment

Communicable disease transmission is a complicated but well-studied process that is best understood through a conceptual model known as the

chain of infection

chain of infection? p-r-poe-t-poe-eoiinh

pathogen - reservoir - portal of exit - transmission - portal of entry - establishment of infection in new host

is the element that must be present for disease to occur. The host is any susceptible organism—a single-celled organism, a plant, an animal, or a human—invaded by an infectious agent.

agent

environment

involves the immediate transfer of the disease agent between the infected and the susceptible individuals by direct contact such as touching, biting, kissing, sexual intercourse, or by direct projection (droplet spread) of droplet spray onto the conjunctiva or onto the mucous membranes of the eye, nose or mouth during sneezing, coughing, spitting, singing or talking (usually limited to a distance of one meter or less).

direct transmission

may be one of three types—airborne, vehicle-borne, or vector-borne.

indirect transmission

is the dissemination of microbial aerosols to a suitable portal of entry, usually the respiratory tract. Microbial aerosols are suspensions of dust or droplet nuclei made up wholly or in part of microorganisms. In contrast to droplets, which spread no more than several feet, airborne particles may remain suspended and infective for long periods of time.

airborne transmission

contaminated materials or objects (fomites) serve as vehicles —non-living objects by which communicable agents are transferred to a susceptible host. The agent may or may not have multiplied or developed on the vehicle. Examples of vehicles include toys, handkerchiefs, soiled clothes, bedding, food service utensils, surgical instruments, water, milk, food, or biological products such as blood, serum, plasma, organs, and tissues.

vehicle transmission

is the transfer of disease by a living organism such as a mosquito, fly, or tick. Transmission may be mechanical, via the contaminated mouth parts or feet of the vector, or biological, which involves multiplication or developmental changes of the agent in the vector before transmission occurs

vector-borne transmission

multiplication and development of the disease organism usually do not occur.

mechanical transmission

multiplication and/or developmental changes of the disease agent occur in the vector before transmission occurs.

biological transmission

scabies, head lice, hand food and mouth disease, acute infectious conjuctivitis, methicilin resistant staphyloccocus saureus (mrsa) inffection, other multi-drug resistant organisms infcetion, chickenpox

contact transmission

influenza, common cold, severe acute respiratory Syndrome

droplet transmission

chickenpox, pulmoray tuberculosiss (smear positive)

airborne transmission

food poisoning, cholera, bacillary dysentery, hepatits a, e,, norovirus infection

foodborne/waterborne transmission

mosquito: dengue fever, malaria, japanese encephalitis other: typhus

vector-borne transmission

hepatitis b c,, acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids)

blood or body fluid transmission

i or r is the ability to ward off damage or disease through our defenses. There are two general types of immunity: innate and adaptive.

immunity/resistance

is present at birth. It is always present and available to provide rapid responses to protect us against disease. It does not involve specific recognition of a microbe and acts against all microbes in the same way. It does not have a memory component; that is, it cannot recall a previous contact with a foreign molecule. Innate immunity is the body’s early warning system and are designed to prevent microbes from gaining access into the body and to help eliminate those that do gain access. These general responses function the same way regardless of the type of pathogen or the number of exposures. Such mechanisms include species resistance, mechanical barriers, chemical barriers (enzyme action, interferon, and complement), natural killer cells, inflammation, phagocytosis, and fever.

innate immunity

are very precise defense mechanisms, targeting specific pathogens. Also called the third line of defense, immunity also involves resistance to toxins or metabolic byproducts of these specific pathogens. Lymphocytes and macrophages that recognize and remember specific foreign molecules carry out adaptive immune responses. Adaptive immunity will only be produced after an antigenic challenge to the human host. This is characterized by the ability to remember a prior exposure, which results in an increased response upon repeated exposure. In contrast to nonspecific defense mechanisms, specific immune defense systems are not effective fully at birth and require time to develop after exposure to the infecting agent or its antigens. Specific immunity may be acquired naturally by infection or artificially by immunization

adaptive immunity

antibodies develop in a person's own immune system after the body is exposed to an antigen through a disease or through immunization.

active immunity

antibodies are given to a person to prevent disease or to treat disease after the body is exposed to an antigen. Passive immunity is given from mother to child through the placenta before birth, and through breast milk after birth. It can also be given medically through blood products that contain antibodies, such as immune globulin. This type of immunity is fast acting but lasts only a few weeks or months.

passive immunity

not infectious, they nonetheless can occur in epidemic proportions

non-commu

Because the etiologies (causes) of many of the non-communicable diseases are very complex, they are often illustrated using a m-cdm

multi-caution disease model

yung nasa loob ng multi-caution disease model g e

genetic endowment

2nd layer ng multi-caution disease model p, b and bc

personality beliefs and behavioral choices

last layer ng multi-caution disease model ec, en, hcs, wq, ido, ap

economics, environment, health care system, water quality, infectious disease outbreaks, air pollution

implies the planning for and taking of action to prevent the occurrence of an undesirable event.

prevention

the taking of action during an event.

intervention

is a general term for the containment of a disease and can include both prevention and intervention measures, limiting of transmission of a communicable disease in a population.

control

is the uprooting or total elimination of a disease from the human population. This is an elusive goal in public health because it is only rarely achieved.

eradication

aims to forestall the onset of illness or injury during the prepathogenesis period. Disease or injury cannot always be avoided especially chronic diseases which have caused considerable disability before detection and treatment. Examples of primary prevention include health education and health promotion programs, safe-housing projects, and character-building and personality development programs, the use of immunizations against specific diseases, the practice of personal hygiene such as hand washing, the use of rubber gloves, and the chlorination of the community’s water supply.

primary prevention

is the early diagnosis and prompt treatment of diseases before the disease becomes advanced and disability becomes severe. Examples of secondary prevention include health screenings. The goal of these screenings is not to prevent the onset of disease or diagnose disease but rather to detect its presence during early pathogenesis, thus permitting early intervention (treatment) and limiting disability.

secondary prevention

involves the retraining, re-education, and rehabilitation of the patient who has already incurred a disability. Tertiary preventive measures include those that are applied after significant pathogenesis has occurred.

tertiary prevention