unit 2 Flashcards
1
Q
carrying capacity
A
maximum population size of a species that an environment can sustain
2
Q
what to things does carrying capacity derive from
A
natural environment and human actions
3
Q
overpopulation
A
number of people exeeds carrying capacity
4
Q
demography
A
study of population characteristics
5
Q
what are the two problems with the census
A
non participation and sampling (techniques used get a more accurate count & more info)
6
Q
what people cluster around
A
low lying areas
fertile soil
temperate climates
water/ocean
7
Q
what people don’t cluster around
A
too dry
too wet
too cold
too mountinous
8
Q
concentration on a cartogram
A
depicts the sizes of countries according to populations
9
Q
ecmene
A
area occupies by permanent human settlement
10
Q
density
A
the frequency at which something exists withing a given unit of area
11
Q
population density
A
the number of humans living withing a certain area
11
Q
arithmetic density
A
total number of objects in an area
12
Q
how to calculate arithmetic density
A
number of people/land area
13
Q
psychological density
A
number of people per unit of arable land
14
Q
agricultural density
A
rate of number of farmers to agricultural land
15
Q
which type of density answers “where” and what does it do
A
arithmetic density and it compares the number of people in different regions
16
Q
what type of density compares arithmetic density and psychological density and what does it do
A
psychological density and it helps to understand the capacity of land
17
Q
what type of density accounts for economic differences
A
agricultural density
18
Q
arable land
A
land suitable for agriculture
19
Q
natural increase rate
A
% by which population grows each year
20
Q
when is the natural increase rate natural
A
when the country’s growth excludes migration
21
Q
when did the NIR peak
A
1960
22
Q
doubling time
A
number of years needed to double population
23
Q
when does natural increase occur
A
when births exceed deaths
24
crude birth rate
number of births in a year for every 1000 people alive
25
total fertility rate
number of births in society
26
infant mortality rate
annual number of deaths of children who are less that one year old compared to live births
27
crude death rate
number of deaths a year for every 1,000 people alive
28
demographic transition
change in a society's population from high crude death/birth rates and low rate of natural increase to a condition of low cbr/cdr, low natural increase, and higher total population
29
what are the 4 stages of demographic transition characterized by
-drop in death rate that comes from technological innovation
- drop in birth rate that comes from changing social customs
30
stage one of dt
-high cbr
- high cdr
-low nir
31
stage 2 of dt
-high cbr
-rapidly declining cdr
-very high nir
32
what caused some countries to transition to stage 2 of dt
industrial revolution/medical revolution
33
stage 3 of dt
-rapidly declining cbr
-moderately declining cdr
-moderate nir
34
what caused some countries to transition to stage 3 of dt
woman joining the workforce/gaining better education
35
stage 4 of dt
-very low cbr
-low or slightly increasing cdr
-0 or negative nir
-zero population growth
36
zero population growth
when cbr=cdr and NIR approaches 0
37
what causes some countries to transition to stage 4 of dt
the country advances in the service economy
38
stage 5 of dt
-low cdr
-cbr not yet determined
-little change in nir
39
what causes a country to transition to stage 5 of dt
when a population as a whole ages
40
what physical factors influence distribution of human population
climate and land forms
41
human factors that influence the distribution population
culture, economics, history/politics
42
what is the number one factor that influences the distribution population
economics
43
what do population distribution factors change with
scale of analysis
44
what three things help to measure population density
arithmetic density, physiological density, agricultural density.
45
why are types of density important
pressure on the land
Environmental impact (pollution)
availability of resources
46
what are the political impacts of population distribution
demand for housing, infrastructure, representation, and education services
47
what are the 2 economic impacts of population distribution
-demand for employment
-tax base
48
what are the 4 social impact of population distribution
-entertainment opportunities
-diversity
-spread of diseases
-availability of healthcare
49
who studies population statistics
-demographers (human population by the numbers)
-population geographers (study human population in relation to spatial factors)
50
rates definition
frequency of an event
51
cohorts definition
measure that refers to data about a population with specific characteristics
52
give an example of a rate
cbr, cdr, imr, rni
53
give an example of a cohort
baby boomers/age groups
54
what geographic features contribute to high birth rates
agricultural and rural areas
55
what geographic factors contribute to low birth rates
industrialized and urbanized areas
56
which country is the exception to the typical low birth rate
china bc of the one-child policy
57
tfr
the measure of a adverage number of kids born to a woman in a life time
58
epidemiology
the study of how diseases spread and can be controlled in a population
59
epidemic transition
targets specific health risks at each stage of the demographic transition
60
what does epidemic transition rely on
scale and connection
61
which sex faces more profound health risks
females
62
what does mmr mean
maternal maternity rate
63
maternal maternity rate
annual # of femal deaths per 100,000 live births when the cause is related to pregnancy
64
what are some common causes of mmr
high blood pressure, heavy bleeding
65
why is mmr higher in the us
some people cant pay for health care
66
in which countries do 700,000 are "missing" yearly due to gender-based sex selection
china, india
67
sex ratio
of males per 100 females in a population
68
how do we know that females go missing
sex ratio
69
what is the standard biological level for humans at birth
105 males for every 100 females
70
what is the root cause of unequal sex ratio
gender equality
71
why do girls go missing in china
parents want more boys because boys are believed to do better economically
72
is the population of young people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition
high
73
is the population of old people high or low in stage 2 of the demographic transition
low
74
is the population of old people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition
high
75
is the population of young people high or low in stage 4 of the demographic transition
low
76
life expectancy
adverage number of years someone is expected to live given current social, economical, and medical conditions
77
what econimic standing must a country be in for it´s population to live longer
high (wealthy)
78
what happens related to income the high you go on the demographic transition
need more income after retierment
79
potential support ratio/elderly support ratio
number of working age people divided by number of people 65 or older
80
dependency ratio
the number of people who are too old or young to work compared to those who can
81
pronatalist policy
government policy that supports higher birth rates
82
antinatalist policy
government policy that supports lower birth rates
83
what two countries take up 1/3 of the worlds poluation
china and india
84
what two major countries instituted the antinatalist
china and india
85
what are some facts about china family planning
-one child policy in the core
-a family needs a permit to have a kid
-those who agree with the one child policy reap benefits
-contraceptives, abortions, and sterilizations are free
-china´s cbr and nir have declined
86
india family planning facts
-first to introduce family planning
-government provided birth control benefits and legalized abortions
-set up camps to perform sterilizations
-people fear of being forcefully sterilized
-sterilization is the dominant form of birth control
87
what is one major approach to lowering cbr
education and health care
88
what are reasons for a possible stage 5 of epidemiologic transition
education, poverty, diffusion
89
thomas malthus
argued that global rate of population increase is greater that the development of food supplies
90
malthus' reasoning
population increased geometrically and food supply increased arithmetically
91
ecumene
perminately human populated land
92
neo malthusians
argue that more than food will become scarce
93
who currently has the longest life expectancy
japan
94
what does census data help track
cdr, cbr, life expectancy
95
what does a population pyramid help vizualise
dependency
96
what is stage one of the epidemiological transition model called
pestilence and famin
97
what happens in stage one of the epidemiologic transition model
-epidemics and pandemics are main cause of death
98
what is stage two of the epidemiological transition model called
receeding pandemics
99
what happens in stage two of the epidemiologic transition model
-improved sanitation, nutrition, medicine
100
who fixed chlorea
john snow
101
what is stage three of the epidemiological transition model called
regenerative diseases
102
what happens in stage three of the epidemiologic transition model
-decrease in deaths from disease
-increase in chronic disorders associated with aging
103
what is stage four of the epidemiological transition model called
delayed degenerative and lifestyle diseases
104
what happens in stage four of the epidemiologic transition model
-life expectancy is extended
-cardiovascular diseases/cancer lingers
-behavioral changes to improve health
-death rates increase due to drugs, nutritious food, and opioid use
105
intervening obsitcal
the environmental or political feature that hinders migration
106
step migration
migration that follows a path of series of steps/stages toward a final destination
107
floodplain
area subject to flooding during a specific number of years
108
who is the largest recieving country of people in search of work from south and east asia
US
109
remittance
the transfer of money by workers to people in the country from which they emigrated
110
ravenstiens theory patterns
-most long-distance migrants where male
-most long-distance migrants where adult individuals rather than families with kids
-most immigrants where yound adults
-
111
where was ravenstien wrong
-females actually migrate more
-
112
brain drain
large scale emigration by talented people
113
guest worker
people from other, poorer countries are allowed to temararily immigrate to obtain jobs
114
circular migration
temorary movement of migrant workers between home and host countries to seek employment
115
anti imigration parties
political parties that are hostile toward immigrants
116
lees push and pull theory
intervening obstacles can be physical features financial barriers, or political parties
117
what are migration patterns withing the US
western expansion,
-great migration,
-rural to urban then urban to suburban,
-counter urbanization
118
ravensteins laws of migration
number of migrants to a destination declines as the distance they must travel increases
119
what did ravenstein think about long distance migrants
-young
-male
-without family
120
what are international migration flows determined by
the political policies of countries but the policies chang over time
121
what are countries goals that encourage migration policies
-need for highly skilled labor
-need for general labor
122
what are countries goals that limit migration policies
-limit population growth
-racism/ethnocentrism
123
what are the top migrant host countries
germany, russia, saudi arabia, US
124
what are the top countries that except the most migrants
germany, US, spain
125
what countries are currently in stage 2 of dtm
Niger, Uganda, Afghanistan, Pakistan, Bolivia
126
what countries are in stage 3 of dtm
Botswana, Colombia, India, Jamaica, Kenya,
127
what countries are in stage 4 of dtm
Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Brazil,
128
what countries are in stage 5 of dtm
Croatia, Estonia, Germany, Greece, Japan, Portugal and Ukraine
