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Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Probation

A
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2
Q

Direct sentence

A

Sentence of probation. “Sentenced to 2 years of probation”

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3
Q

Suspended sentence

A

Suspends or postpones an imposition or execution of a sentence during a period of good behavior. “Sentenced to 2 years probation, suspended upon repayment of restitution”

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4
Q

Split sentence

A

sentence that includes a term of confinement (generally several years) that is followed by probation. “sentence 10 years, serve 2”

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5
Q

Leading types of correctional control

A

probation, prisons and jails, parole

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6
Q

Father of probation

A

John Augustus

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7
Q

Rank of most serious offenses of probation

A

Drug offense, violent, property, public order/DWI, other

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8
Q

Municipalities/counties are ______ in regards to administration of probation

A

Decentralized

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9
Q

States are ____ in regards to administration of probation

A

Centralized

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10
Q

Presentence investigation (PSI)

A

a file that includes a wide range of background information on the crime and PO’s sentence recommendation for the conviction. Includes information about the offender, victim, and crime

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11
Q

victim impact statement

A

a written account by a victim as to how a crime has taken a toll physically, emotionally, financially, and/or psychologically on the said victim and victim’s family

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12
Q

Is there a strong agreement between PSI recommendation and the sentence the judge administers?

A

Yes. 70-90% congruence

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13
Q

Parole

A

early release of an offender from a secure facility upon completion of a certain portion of his or her sentence

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14
Q

most serious offenses in parole

A

violent, drug, property, other, weapons

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15
Q

Father of parole

A

Alexander Maconochie

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16
Q

Alexander Maconochie

A

Command of Norfolk Island penal colony in 1840. Introduce the marks system

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17
Q

Release valve mechanism

A

When correctional systems use parole to reduce correctional populations. Example of selective incapacitation.

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18
Q

Standard conditions

A

probation or parole conditions imposed on all offenders regardless of offense

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19
Q

Special conditions

A

conditions that are applied to an individual offender’s sentence

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20
Q

Case treatment plan

A

individualized written document that clarifies how each court-ordered condition is to be fulfilled by offender and officer in the context of risks and needs posed

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21
Q

Probation/parole supervision often requires what 2 forms of contact

A

Field contacts and collateral contacts

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22
Q

Field contacts

A

an officer’s personal visit to an offender’s home or place of employment

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23
Q

collateral contacts

A

verification of an offender’s situation and whereabouts by speaking with a third party who knows the offender personally (family member, friend, employer)

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24
Q

Two primary violations in probation/parole

A

Technical and law violations

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25
Technical violation
violated standard or special conditions of supervision
26
law violation
committed a new offense
27
graduated sanctions
set of increasingly restrictive sanctions and requirements imposed on offenders if they violated the conditions of their supervision If violation is severe, offender’s supervision may be revoked Bentham
28
About ___% of all probationers and ___% of all parolees had their supervision revoked
14; 23
29
Revocation
The series of hearing that results when a probationer/parolee is noncompliant with the current level of supervision and is either removed from probation/parole and is (re)incarcerated and/or receives modified probation conditions.
30
What is the most frequent reason for revocation?
Failing to maintain contact with probation officer, technical violations
31
Three reasons why revocations occur
Technical violations, law violations, and absconding
32
Absconding
Leaving without court's knowledge
33
three stages of revocation proceedings
Preliminary hearing, hearing stage, sentencing stage
34
Preliminary hearing
initial examination of the facts of the arrest to determine if probable cause does exist for a violation
35
Hearing stage
- Stage of a revocation proceeding that allows the probation agency to present evidence of the violation, which the offender is given the opportunity to refute - Probation revocations are administrative hearings (not criminal) - Burden of proof is preponderance of the evidence
36
Sentencing stage
when a judge determines if the offender will be incarcerate or continue his or her probation sentence under more restrictive terms (modified sentence)
37
Preponderance of evidence
Lowest burden of proof because it is administrative. Presented evidence that convinces judge/jury that their claim is more likely true than not
38
Do most people successfully complete probation/parole?
Yes
39
Net widening
Using stiffer punishment or excessive control for offenders who would ordinarily be sentenced to a lesser sanction
40
_____ accounted for almost 31% of prison intakes in 2020
Probation/parole revocations
41
Why might turnover in the field be problematic?
Connections to the community, time to train new people
42
Are more woman in probation/parole or the police force?
Probation/parole. 50%+. Day shifts allow for them to be back home in the evening with kids.
43
Stressful events found to be associated with higher reports of ______ and safety concerns
compassion fatigue
44
what is officer orientation?
the supervision philosophy than an officer uses when supervising offenders
45
The four kinds of officer orientation
Surveillance, synthetic, social work, passive
46
Workload
The amount of work/work tasks that officers must complete Includes: office/field visits, completing case notes, completing court/departmental paperwork, running rap sheets, completing PSI’s, etc.
47
Caseload
the list of offenders that an officer is tasked with supervising
48
Can you over-supervise an offender?
Yes. Intensive surveillance of a low-risk offender may make them frustrated and more likely to reoffend
49
intermediate sentences/graduated sanctions
sentences/sanctions that range up to incarceration, tends to range in severity
50
advantages for policy makers for intermediate sentences
cost savings, can reduce issues of prison/jail overcrowding, can foster social bonds between community and offender (social bond theory)
51
community service
Compensation for injury to society by the performance of service in the community. Some research suggests that there is lower recidivism rates (social bonds) (matched study)
52
Intensive supervision probation (ISP)
The extensive supervision of offenders who are deemed the greatest risk to society or are in need of the greatest amount of governmental services. Crime control model, get tough on crime
53
What was the major finding regarding effectiveness of ISP?
Without the use of a treatment program, ISP doesn't work
54
What largely replaced ISP?
Specialized caseloads
55
Specialized caseloads
A form of ISP, "experts" on specific populations. Ex: drugs and alcohol, mental health, sex offenders, women, etc. Integrating more programs and treatments.
56
Electronic monitoring
Community supervision that uses electronic devices to maintain surveillance. Use of this has more than doubled in the last decade. Often combined with house arrest. Cost is disadvantage.
57
Passive systems
Respond only to inquires, most commonly an automated phone call.
58
Active systems
Sent continuous signals that are picked up by a receiver. Ankle bracelet.
59
Exclusion zone
where the offender cannot go (residence of identified victims, schools, parks, etc.)
60
inclusion zone
places where the offender should be (offender's residence, workplace, etc.)
61
Home confinement
sentence whereby people serve a term of incarceration in their own home AKA house arrest or home detention
62
What crimes may be especially incompatible for home confinement?
Domestic violence
63
Day reporting center (DRC)
Facility where people under pretrial release or probation can attend daylong intervention and treatment sessions. However, they have to be there all day, so you can't hold a full time job. Have to put kids in daycare. Having a job is one of the most important factors to prevent reoffending.
64
Weekend confinement
confinement that is restricted to the weekends or other times when the person in custody is off from work
65
Work release program
facility that allows residents to work in the community during the day while residing in the center during nonworking hours
66
Two types of work release
Unsupervised and supervised work release (on a bus to and from work)
67
boot camp
form of shock incarceration that involves a military-style regimen designed to instill discipline in young offenders, aimed towards young first time offenders
68
prescription medication for alcohol abuse
antabuse
69
prescription medication for heroin/opiates
methadone, buprenorphine, naltrexone Risk of OD, makes you sick
70
what prison facility had the wheel/spokes design
Eastern state penitentiary
71
Pros of wheel and spoke
Multiple smaller rec areas Can isolate it
72
Cons of wheel and spoke
can’t see everyone in dorms Central heating is expensive Hard to get to places in dorms
73
what design did Auburn and Sing Sing have
telephone pole
74
pros of telephone pole
Cost efficient Very contained Can shut down and easily contain
75
cons of telephone pole
Very loud Illnesses Very close together Hard to control them all
76
Panopticon
Designed to allow security personnel to clearly observe all inmates without the inmates themselves being able to tell whether or not they were being watched. Idea was that inmates would regulate their own behavior because someone might be watching Might reduce the need for many (or theoretically any) guards. Circular building Bentham
77
Pros of panopticon
Could add tables and make a rec area Potential self regulate Could be cost effective, so many inmates in one area
78
cons of panopticon
So much space between guard tower and inmates A lot of inmates in one area
79
Impact of Attica prison riot
Redesign of prisons for increased security Stricter prison procedures Established a grievance procedure for inmates Started monthly meetings prison administration and inmates
80
direct supervision design
cells are organized on the outside of the square space, with shower facilities and recreation cells interspersed among the typical inmates living quarters, similar to podular design, easier access to phone and other privileges
81
pods
Sections in many modern prisons were inmates will usually have individual cells with doors controlled from a secure remote control situation
82
Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA; 1990)
requires correctional agencies to make reasonable modifications to ensure accessibility for individuals with disabilities
83
perimeter security system
a collection of security components that spans the outside of the prison
84
blind spots
occur when areas of the prison are not easily viewed by security staff and/or surveillance equipment
85
Minimum-security facility
a prison designed and organized to permit residents and visitors as much freedom as is consistent with the concept of incarceration, campus/school design; lowest risk for recidivism
86
Medium security facility
a prison designed and organized to prevent escapes and violence, but in which restrictions on residents and visitors are less rigid than in maximum-security facilities, 1/3 of inmates are housed in medium security, most built in the past 4/5 decades are medium security
87
Maximum security facility
a prison designed and organized to minimize the possibility of escapes and violence; to that end, it imposes strict limitations on the freedom of residents and visitors Highest risk for recidivism

Corrections (7 decks)

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