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Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Selectively permeable membrane

A

allows some, but not all molecules to pass through

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2
Q

Diffusion

A

The movement of molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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3
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of water molecules across a semi-permeable membrane from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration

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4
Q

Turgor pressure

A

The outward pressure of the cytoplasm and vacuole against the cell wall of a plant

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5
Q

Plasmolysis

A

The loss of water from the cytoplasm and the movement of the cell membrane away from the cell walls (wilting)

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6
Q

Deplasmolysis

A

Placing plasmolysed cells in a less concentrated solution

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7
Q

Chromosomes

A

Coiled threads of DNA and protein (visible during cell division)

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8
Q

Gene

A

A section of DNA that contains instructions for the formation of a protein

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9
Q

Haploid cell

A

Features one set of chromosomes

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10
Q

Diploid cell

A

Has two sets of chromosomes

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11
Q

Homologous pair

A

Pair of chromosomes that are a similar size and the same sequence of genes

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12
Q

Cell cycle

A

The changes that take place in a cell between one cell division and the next

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13
Q

Interphase

A

The phase when the cell isn’t dividing

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14
Q

Mitosis

A

-1 nucleus -> 2 nuclei
-2 daughter cells
-same umber of chromosomes
-identical genes

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15
Q

Cancer

A

A group of disorders, where a group of cells lose the ability to control the rate of mitosis and how many times it takes place

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16
Q

Benign

A

A non-life threatening tumour e.g. skin tags

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17
Q

Malignent

A

May be life threatening

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18
Q

Meiosis

A

-4 daughter nuclei
-half the number of chromosomes as parent nucleus

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19
Q

Centromere

A

The point where the chromosomes are attached in a a double stranded chromosome

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20
Q

Heredity

A

The passing of features from parents to off spring by means of genes

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21
Q

Gene expression

A

The way in which genetic information in a gene is decoded in the cell and used to make protein

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22
Q

Characteristics

A

Traits or features that are inherited genetically

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23
Q

Non-coding DNA

A

DNA that does not cause protein production

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24
Q

Genetic code

A

A sequence of DNA bases that provide instructions for a cell to form a protein

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25
Triplet/Codon
A sequence of three bases in DNA/RNA that act as a code for amino acids
26
DNA profiling
A method of making a unique pattern of bands from the DNA of a person which can be used to compare with the DNA profile of another person
27
Forensic medicine
The way in which medical knowledge is used in legal situations
28
Genetic screening
Testing DNA for the presence or absence of a particular gene or altered gene
29
Transcription
The copying of a sequence of genetic bases from DNA onto messenger RNA
30
Translation
The conversion of a sequence of genetic bases on messenger RNA into a sequence of amino acids
31
What are the purines
Adenine and Guanine
32
What are the pyrimidines
Thymine and Cytosine
33
What is an anticodon
A sequence of three bases on tRNA that are complementary to a sequence of three bases on mRNA
34
Gametes
Haploid cells that are capable of fusion
35
Fertilisation
The union of two gametes to form a single cell (zygote)
36
Alleles
To different forms of the same gene
37
Locus
The location of a gene on a chromosome
38
Dominant
The allele prevents the recessive allele from being expressed
39
Recessive
The allele is prevented from being expressed by a dominant allele
40
Genotype
The genetic make up of an organism
41
Phenotype
The physical make up of an organism (how it looks)
42
Progency
The offspring produced
43
Homozygous
Both alleles are identical
44
Heterozygous
The alleles are different
45
Incomplete dominance
Neither allele is dominant or recessive Both are equally expressed in the heterozygous genotype e.g. red + white = pink in snapdragon flowers
46
Pedigree study
A diagram showing the genetic history of a group of related individuals
47
Memdal's first law
LAW OF SEGREGATION: Inherited characteristics are controlled by pairs of alleles These alleles segregate at gamete formation (one member of each pair in each gamete)
48
Monohybrid cross
The study of one characteristic
49
Dihybrid cross
The study of two characteristics
50
Mendel's second law
LAW OF INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT When gametes are formed, either pair of alleles is equally likely to form with another other
51
Linkage
Genes are located on the same chromosome
52
Sex linkage
A characteristic is controlled by a gene on a sex (X) chromosome
53
Classification
Placing objects into groups based on similar characteristics
54
Taxonomy
The science of classification
55
Species
A group of similar organisms that are capable of naturally interbreeding with each other to produce FERTILE offspring
56
Variation
Individual members of a species show different characteristics
57
Acquired variation
Learned or developed during life
58
Inherited variation
Controlled by genes
59
Mutation
A spontaneous change in the amount of or structure of DNA
60
Mutagens
Agents that cause mutations
61
Gene mutation
A change in a single gene
62
Chromosome mutation
A large change in the structure or number of one or more chromosomes
63
Evolution
The way in which living things change genetically to produce new forms of life over long periods of time
64
Natural selection
The process by which the organism with the strongest characteristics will survive and reproduce to pass on their strong genes
65
Specification
The production of new species as a result of evolution
66
Fossils
The remains or an indication, of something that lived a long time ago
67
Genetic engineering
The artificial manipulation or alteration of genes
68
Isolation
The removal of the chromosome containing the target gene from the human cell and the plasmid from the DNA
69
Ligation
The joining of two sections of DNA to form a single strand
70
Transformation
The uptake of DNA into a cell
71
Cloning
The production of identical copies of the bacterium containing the target gene
72
Expression
The formation of the product by the organism with the recombinant DNA
73
Metabolism
The sum of all the chemical reactions in an organism
74
Solar energy
Energy from the sun
75
Chemical energy
Energy stored in the bonds of biomoecules
76
Catalyst
A substance that speeds up the rate of a reaction without being used up itself
77
Enzyme
Biological catalyst made of protein
78
Substrate
the substance with which the enzyme reacts
79
Product
The substance the enzyme and substrate form
80
Catabolic
Breaks down a substance into smaller parts e.g. amylase
81
Anabolic
Make smaller parts into larger substances e.g. DNA ligase
82
Bioprocessing
the use of enzyme controlled reactions to produce a product
83
Bioreactor
The container in which bioprocessing takes place
84
Immobolised enzymes
Enzymes that are attached to each other or an inert material e.g. yeast (sucrase) in sodium alginate and calcium chloride
85
Substances used to examine the affects of temp. and pH on activity
Enzyme: catalase Substrate: hydrogen peroxide Product: water + oxygen
86
Active site
The part of an enzyme that combines with the substrate
87
Enzyme specificity
Each enzyme only reacts with one specific substrate
88
Denatured enzyme
Lost shape and no longer functioning
89
Chemical equation for photosynthesis
6CO2 + 6H2O + sunlight -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 using chlorophyll
90
Photolysis
Splitting of water
91
Where does the light stage take place
grana
92
Where does the dark stage take place
Stroma
93
Respiration chemical equation
C6H12O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy using enzymes
94
Aerobic respiration
The controlled release of energy from food without the use of oxygen
95
Fermentation
Anaerobic respiration
96
Biotechnology
The use of living things or their components to manufacture useful products or to carry out useful reactions
97
Glycolysis
The conversion of glucose into two pyruvic acid molecules
98
Where does glycolysis take place
Cytosol
99
Where does krebs cycle take place
mitochindrion
100
Where does the electron transport system take place
Inner membrane of mitochindrion
101
Protoplasm
All the living parts of a cell
102
Cytoplasm
The living material in the cell outside the nucleus
103
Cell ultrastructure
cell structure as seen using an electron microscope
104
Chromatin
Chromosomes when they are elongated (not dividing)
105
Prokaryotic
No nucleus or membrane enclosed organelles
106
Eukaryotic
Has a nucleus and membrane enclosed cell organelles
107
Tissue
A group of similar cells adapted to carry out the same function(s)
108
Tissue culture
The growth of cells in or on a sterile nutrient medium
109
Organ
A structure composed of a number of tissues that work together to carry out one or more functions
110
Organ system
A number of organs working together to carry out one or more functions
111

Biology (8 decks)

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