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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Birthplace of Reformation

A

Saxony, Germany (HRE)

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2
Q

Groups that were allies of reform/protestant

A

guilds, peasants/townspeople, humanists, etc.

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3
Q

Contributing factors to lay criticism of the church

A

Avignon papacy, Great schism, conciliar theory, Renaissance papacy, etc.

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4
Q

common goal of 13th c. and 15th c. lay religious movements

A

religious simplicity in Imitation of Jesus Christ

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5
Q

Brothers of the common life

A

aka the Modern Devotion; a “boarding school” for reform-minded laity. Believed in a common life, practical religion, individual piety.

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6
Q

“Imitation of the Christ”

A

written by Thomas a Kempis (1471)

summarized the philosophy of the “brothers”

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7
Q

Martin Luther’s background

A

dedicated his life to be a monk instead of law school. very educated, devoted to religion.

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8
Q

Martin Luther’s beliefs

A

wanted reform in the catholic church based on biblical teachings and support.

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9
Q

Salvation according to medieval church

A

Works: indulgences, prayer, worshipping relics and saints

Works lessen time in purgatory.

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10
Q

Indulgences

A

“works of satisfaction” “righteousness of God”

SIN-surance to get through purgatory.

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11
Q

95 theses

A

“Salvation is not something to be bought or sold”

Martin Luther posted, in LATIN, on church doors in Germany.

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12
Q

“Address to the Christian Nobility of the German Nation”

A

Martin Luther urged princes to seek religious reforms in their areas of control

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13
Q

“Babylonian Captivity”

A

attacks 7 sacraments

Martin Luther says only BAPTISM AND EUCHARIST are supported in bible

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14
Q

“Freedom of a christian”

A

Martin luther says if you BELIEVE, you will automatically do GOOD WORKS, and then get salvation

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15
Q

Diet of Worms

A

April 1521: Luther presented views to Charles V and did not retract his beliefs and words. condemned as heretic.

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16
Q

Luther’s belief on salvation

A

Justification by faith alone

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17
Q

Peace of Augsburg

A

1555: End of German reformation, Lutheran is recognized as christian religion.
“cuius regio, eius religio”

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18
Q

Luther Reaction to German peasants revolt

A

“Against the Robbing and Murdering Peasants”

smite, slay, stab the murderous thieving hordes of peasants

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19
Q

Diet of Augsburg

A

Charles V order Lutherans to revert to Catholicism

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20
Q

Schmalkaldic League

A

Formed after Diet of Augsburg

Defensive alliance to protect protestant princes against HRE emperor and catholic parties

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21
Q

Point of contention between luther and zwingli

A

Eucharist. Luther believed in transubstantiation and that it was literal, zwingli didn’t.

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22
Q

Anabaptists

A

believed in only adult baptism

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23
Q

John Calvin (who, what, why)

A

Believed in: predestination, and to re-order society according to God’s plan. Wanted a theocracy.
Founded the Calvinist religion

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24
Q

Lutheranism in Denmark

A

Christain II (king) introduced it

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25
Religious significance of Magdeburg
Place in germany to which people went to be safe/ protect their protestant beliefs.
26
Henry VIII
King of England. Wrote "Defence of the 7 Sacraments" and pope Leo X called him "Defender of the Faith" Created Anglican church to divorce Catherine of Aragon. Wanted a male heir.
27
The King's "Great Matter"
Henry VIII wanting to divorge Catherine of Aragon and marry Anne Boleyn. Henry executed Thomas Wolsey because he couldn't get the anullment.
28
Reformation Parliament, measures and legislations | 1529-36
placing royal authority over religious matter. | Henry = head of church of England
29
Act of Succession
1534: Legitimized children of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn (Mary is taken out of line of succession)
30
Act of Supremacy
1534: Declared Henry VIII the supreme head of the church of England
31
Act of Uniformity
1549 & 1552: Edward VI standardize all prayers, hymns, teachings, practices. Enforced the Book of the Common Prayer
32
Wives of Henry VIII
Catherine of Aragon, Anne Boleyn, Jane Seymour, Anne of Cleves, Catherine Howard, Catherine Parr
33
Tudor Monarchs
Henry VII, Henry VIII, Edward VI, Mary I, Elizabeth I
34
Six Articles
1539: Henry VIII. aka Whip with the 6 Stings reaffirmed catholic doctrines
35
Early reform movements from within Catholic church
Theatines, Capuchins, Somaschi & Barnabites, Ursulines, Oratorians, St. Teresa & St. John.
36
Jesuits
1530: Society of Jesus Founded by Ignatius of Loyala very strict, complete following of church authority
37
Ignatius of Loyola
Founded Jesuits, wrote "spiritual exercises" was a Hapsburg soldier from spain
38
Council of Trent
1545-63: 3 diff sessions, 4 diff popes controlled by pope reforms: Internal church discipline, curtail simony, limit benefices, make diocese & parishes organized (people in charge had to live near), seminaries, to educate priests.
39
Miguel de Cervantes
No proper education, went to africa- became slave, prison, accountant DON QUIXOTE: 1605 & 1615: portrayal between idealism and realism
40
William Shakespeare
1564-1616: Lived in Elizabethan age | wrote: Romeo & Juliet, King Leer, Otello, Macbeth, Hamlet, Richard III
41
Baroque & plain architectural styles
Baroque: Catholic, fancy, not focusing on religion. artist: peter paul reubens Plain: Protestant, simple, focus on religion artist: rembrant
42
Politiques and examples
a leader that puts political stability over religious unity ex. Elizabeth I, William of Orange, Henry IV non ex. Mary I, Phillip II, Oliver Cromwell
43
Competing families in france after death of Henry II
Bourbon: Conde Montmorency: coligny Guise: Francis
44
Facts about French Protestants
Huguenots (mostly calvainist) contain aristocracy, discontented towns people. 1/15 of population
45
Event which started the French Wars of Religion
Massacre at Vassy (1562) | Francis of Guise orders protestants to be killed because they are (rightfully) worshipping.
46
Effect of the Peace of Saint Germain - en - Laye
ENDED 3rd War acknowledges that nobility of france gains power protestants gain power coligny is close advisor to king louis of nassau want to use coligny and french stuff to help dutch
47
Facts about St. Bartholomew's day massacre
AUG. 24, 1572 over 3,000 protestants killed in one day, 20,000 later backfired against catholics created protestant sympathies in other countries
48
Henry IV of France
Henry III put him in line of succession before everyone else - Bourboun - aka henry of navar - Huguenot - married into the valois family
49
Edict of Nantes
1598: Passed by Henry IV made catholic official french religion ended french wars of religion gave protestants rights; public worship, assemble, hold office, universities, fortify towns
50
Key players of french religious wars
henry III, henry IV (navar), henry guise, Catherine de medici
51
Characteristics of Philip II
Made king in 1558, Son of Charles V, enforced council of trent on the dutch, married Mary I, Catholic, ruled over Spain, Netherlands, and new world
52
The compromise
Dutch promised to resist decrees of the Council of Trent | resist inquisition
53
Perpetual Edict of 1577
document saying that the Spanish forces would leave the Netherlands in 20 days after the signed agreement made William of orange the "ruler" of the Netherlands
54
Successors of Edward VI of England
Lady Jane Grey (nine days queen), Mary I, Elizabeth I
55
Facts about Mary I
``` very catholic married phillip of spain (II) killed lady jane grey "forced" Elizabeth to keep England Catholic lost Calais at the end of her reign Marian persectutions Marian exiles ```
56
Facts about the Elizabethan settlement
made anglican church seem catholic (outward) but the teachings were protestant attempted to settle protestant's and catholic's differences in England
57
Thirty Nine Articles
1563: Elizabeth I, moderate protestantism is the official religion brought back the book of the common prayer
58
Preconditions of the Thirty year's war
Fragmented Germany, Religious division, Calvinism and the Palatinate, Maximilian of Bavaria and the Catholic league
59
Ecclesiastical Reservation
If you become protestant, you can't keep your catholic land and vis a versa
60
Place of outbreak of 30 yrs war
Bohemia
61
Phases of the 30 yrs war
Bohemian (1618-25) Danish (1625-29) Swedish (1630-35) Swedish-French (1635-48)
62
Defenstration of Prague
in reaction to Ferdinand's taking of protestant's rights, protestants threw his regents out the window! into poop
63
Battle of Breitenfeld
Gustavus Adolfus II had the most decisive victory of the war | 1630 (most decisive engagement)
64
Peace of Prague
1635: German Protestant states compromise with Ferdinand | france & netherlands support sweden
65
Depopulation of germany cuz of 30 yrs war
1/3 decrease
66
Treaty of Westphalia
``` 1648: Ended 30 yrs war written in french took back edict of restitution re-asserted peace of Augsburg swiss & netherlands indépendance Bavaria = elector state ```
67
Protestants views on marriage
If you want to be married, you can. More likely to issue a divorce if you want one.
68
Wet nursing characteristics
having another woman nurse your baby for you. Condemned by the church (catholic), popular among upper class, increased mortality rate in babies.
69
Climax of Spanish/English hostilities
1588: Defeat of the spanish armada
70
Condition of the spanish economy in the 1500s and 1600s (16th and 17th century)
Growing demand for things (growing population) not enough stuff for people led to inflation in prices
71
Philip II's foreign policy and action during 1st half of reign
Focused in the Mediterranean against Turks. Battle of Lepanto 1871
72
Major area of resistance that prevented spanish world empire
Netherlands
73
Causes for outbreak of war between Spain and England
1568: Duke of Alba takes 10,000 troups to Netherlands: Elizabeth feels threatened 1570: Elizabeth excommunicated 1572: pirating (sir francis drake) 1587: Mary queen of scots is executed
74
reasons for Pope Sixtus V's support for Spain against England
execution of Mary queen of scots
75
Significance of the defeat of the spanish armada
marked the beginning of spanish power decline. France is now the big power, Netherlands and England benefit.
76
significance of Bavaria to the Thirty years war
major center of catholic power
77
Germany's importance to traders and merchants
"Europe's Highway" good relative geography
78
Significance of Heidelberg
"German Geneva" center of Calvanism in the HRE | intellectual center
79
defensive alliance of palatine calvinists
England, France, Netherlands
80
Reason for beginning of Thirty Years' War
Defenstration of Prague. | Ferdinand was stamping out protestant in HRE
81
Actions of Ferdinand, king of Bavaria
revoked religious freedoms of Bohemian Protestants
82
Edict of Restitution
Calvinism is made illegal in the Danish stage of the war

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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