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Ap Euro by Sami > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(86 cards)

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1
Q

Description of the Old Regime

A

social, political, economic relationships

social: tradition, hierarchy, corporate feeling, privilege

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2
Q

Characteristics of aristocracy in 18th c. Europe

A 
nobility: 1-5% pop
born into, buy into, serve to be a noble
royals
no manual labor
authority: parliament, states general, councils, etc.
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3
Q

Facts/characteristics of french nobility

A

“of the sword” “of the robe”
Hobereaux: provincial nobility not in versailles
exempt from taxes: taille, corvees, vingtieme
exclusive hunting rights

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4
Q

Features about the nobility of Europe (names)

A 
Prussia: junkers
russia: boyars
Poland: szlatchta 
streltsty: Russian garrison officials
table of ranks: peter the great (boyars lose power)
gain power with Catherine
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5
Q

Aristocratic Resurgence

A

noble’s reactions to their loss of power.

  1. made it harder to become a noble
  2. reserva appnt.s in upper ranks
  3. tried to use aristocrat. controlled institutions against monarchy
  4. tried to gain more tax exemptions
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6
Q

Economic basis of 18th c. life

A

wheat/grain, land (nobles)

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7
Q

Facts of English game laws

A

Aristocracy, landed gentry, Royals benefit
Exclusive rights to hunt
Example of domination of aristocracy

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8
Q

Family economy characteristics

A

Household is basic unit of production and consumption
Everyone works
NW Europe: 2 gen.
E Europe: 3-4 gen. Servants and landlords

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9
Q

Concerns of married women in pre-industrial Europe

A

Produce/ provide for household ( dowry)

Paid less than men

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10
Q

Characteristics about children in 18th century

A 
Dangerous to have them
Wet nursing is common
Economic burden 
Illegitimate
Foundling hospitals
Upper class: more education
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11
Q

Bread prices during 18th century

A

Slowly and steadily rose

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12
Q

Agricultural methods used by the Dutch leading up to the agricultural revolution

A

Polders, dikes, new crops (clover, turnip) , animal fertilizer

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13
Q

European pop. From 1700 to 1800

A

1700: 120 mil
1800: 190 mil

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14
Q

Crops introduced to Europe from new world and their impact

A

Potatoes
More children survive
More people live off less land

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15
Q

Innovations and contributors of ag. Revolution

A

Iron plow, seed drill (jethro tull)
Fertilizer, crop rotation ( Thomas turnip Townsend)
Selective breeding (Robert bake well)

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16
Q

Enclosure movement

A

Replace 2-3 field system
Led to commercializations of agriculture
Increased farmland

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17
Q

Open field system

A

2-3 field system
Fallow field
Communal
Subsistence crops

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18
Q

Causes, effects, and characteristics of 18th c. Consumer rev.

A

Ag rev. > more ppl > increases in demand and supply
Causes: disposable income, marketing (Josiah Wedgwood)
Effect: capitalism

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19
Q

Industry which pioneered indust. Rev.

A

Textiles

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20
Q

Water frame 1769

A

Makes a pure cotton fabric

By Richard arkwright

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21
Q

Spinning Jenny 1765

A

Spins thread 16x faster, then 120x faster

By James Hargreaves

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22
Q

Flying shuttle 1730

A

Weaves

By John Kay

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23
Q

The power loom 1780s

A

Uses steam power
Growth in factories
By the Edmund Cartwright

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24
Q

Uses of the steam engine

A

Mining, cotton industry, steam train, steam tractor, construction, steam boat, iron production, railways, agriculture

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25
Impact of steam engine
Increase amount of energy available Commercial and heavy industry Industrialization, unlimited, transportation
26
Inventors of steam engine
Thomas Newcomen, James watt | ^ 1st. ^ improved
27
Henry Cort and iron production during 18th c.
>25,000 tons of iron (beginning) < 1000000 tons (end) Improved puddling process
28
Putting out system
Aka domestic Merchant - spinner - weaver - sewer - sell Slow
29
Reasons for England being the birthplace of the industrial revolution
London, colonies, international market, more free trade, resources, political stability, banking, social mobility
30
Impact of agricultural rev. And industrial rev. On women
Lower wages Cottage industry Domestic service Replaced by machines
31
Locations of main Jew pop. In 18th c.
Ghettos, Poland, Lithuania, Ukraine
32
Stages of European contact with world since Renaissance
1. Discovery, exploration, conquest, settlement 2. Mercantilism 3. Imperialism 4. Decolonization
33
Factors that allowed European nations to dominate rest of world
Technological supremacy Ships and guns Naval force
34
Fundamental institution present during 1st two periods of Europe imperialism in new world
Presence of slavery
35
Main rivals during era of colonization
Spain France, Britain
36
Description of mercantilism
Prosperity of a nation depends on supply of capital (gold and silver bullion)
37
Purposes of colonies and home country in mercantilism
Home country: protect, administer | Colonies: depend, supply
38
Peninsulares
Spanish born colonists
39
Purpose of Spanish empire until mid 18th c.
To supply Spain with precious metals mined in the new world
40
Creole
Spanish colonists born in colonies
41
Two areas of conflict during mid 18th c. Among great nations
Overseas empire, central and Eastern Europe
42
Cause and purpose of war of Jenkins ear (and date)
1739-1748 Spain vs. Britain Why: Spain seizing English ships What: opened up other colonial conflicts throughout the world
43
Facts about the war of Austrian succession
``` Frederick the great invades Silesia Shatters pragmatic sanction Fought over Maria's right to succeed. Britain + Austria France +Prussia 1740-1748 ```
44
Alliances and significance of the diplomatic revolution of 1756
The stately quadrille: England + Prussia, France + Austria
45
Biggest victors of the seven yrs. war | And date
1755-1763 Prussia: gains territory Britain: emerges as the world power
46
Purpose of the stamp act
British to gain revenues, emerge from bankruptcy from 7yrs war
47
Characteristics of the intolerable acts
1. Closed port of Boston 2. Reorganized govnt. Of Massachusetts 3. Quarter British troops in private homes 4. Trials of British officers in Britain
48
"Common sense"
By Thomas Paine John Adams, " without he pen of Thomas Paine, washington's sword would've been raised in vain" Rallied the support of English colonists to break free from Britain
49
Results/ outcomes of the American Revolution concerning slavery, rights and society
Did not free slaves or address rights of women or natives | More free society (Europe thought)
50
Reason for American resentment towards British attempts to tax them
No taxation without representation
51
Ideas and events that American ideals were based upon
Glorious rev. / bill of rights John Locke (life liberty and property) Montesquieu (separation of power) Commonwealth men (cato's letters- republicanism)
52
Two most important influences on enlightenment (two people/ philosophers)
John Locke | Isaac Newton
53
Uniqueness of Britain politically and socially leading up to enlightenment
Domestic/ political stability, some religious toleration, glorious rev, bill of rights, social mobility, limited government, banking/ invest, small army, isolation
54
Britain's influence on the enlightenment
More free than any other country
55
Public opinion
Print culture, people had more opinion, govnt. Couldn't hide as much
56
Print culture
Increase of written materials, novel, more literacy, secularism 1700: 50% religious books 1780: 10% religious books
57
Voltaire's views and literary works on Britain
Letters on the English: rebuked French govnt.
58
Voltaire's literary works and their subject matters
Candide (optimism) | Attacked unwarranted optimism of people after Lisbon earthquake 1755
59
Philosophes criticism of Christian church
Inhibiting people to progress. Though original sin, focus on here after instead of here now. Major conflicts. Various biblical inconsistency & Contradiction.
60
Major points of the Deist creed/ deism
God can be rationally understanding nature 1. God exists 2. Life after death
61
"Ethics"
Baruch Spinoza: Jewish (assimilate into European culture) | Martyr to early religious causes
62
Moses Mendelssohn
Jewish Socrates, father of Reform Judaism (Nathan in "Nathan the wise") Assimilate to European culture, keep traditions alive
63
Pascal's view of Islam
Carnal, worldly, promiscuity, sensual delight
64
Editors, contributors, topics/ themes and effects of the "encyclopedia"
Diderot, d'alembert 100's of philosophers Secularized learning, dispersing ideas of rational philosophy
65
"On crimes and punishments"
Marquis cesare beccaria, | Reform in justice and penal systems, ration laws- meant to deter crime, utilitaritarianism, best for he most
66
Adam smith and views on mercantilism
Opposed because it prevented trading , skills and wages protected
67
"The wealth of nations"
views on mercantilism, free-enterprise, open overseas markets, infrastructure, laissez- faire economics, protect land/currency
68
Role and purpose of government according to Adam Smith
Barbarism -- civilization four stage theory justification: imperialism (we are giving them civilization)
69
Adam Smith's four-stage theory
hunting/ gathering, nomad/ herder, agricultural/ farmer, industrial
70
Laissez-faire economics
encouraged people to compete, be selfish
71
beliefs of physiocrats
french economic reformers, francois Quesnay, pierre du pont de nemours opposed mercantilism advocated a govnt that protected private property, agriculture and land
72
Rousseau and human nature, evil in the world, views on women and individualism vs. community
pessimistic view, all evil is from uneven distribution of property traditional view of women community over individual
73
injustices as grounds for criticism of Imperialism from enlightenment thinkers
conquest, treatment of Native Americans, enslavement of Africans. critics: Kant, herder
74
Views of Herder
cultural relativism
75
Montesquieu's literary works, views on govnt., england, preferred govnt. for france, etc.
"spirit of the laws", separation of powers, limited govnt
76
philosophes views on women
limited place in society | not avid feminists
77
characteristics, themes, examples and major artists of neoclassical art
french rev. era ancient and Renaissance, playful, emotional Jacques Louis David
78
Characteristics, themes, examples and supporters of Rococo art
``` aristocracy (france) pastel colors \airy, lighthearted, not serious subjects style of louis XV imperial hall in bavaria ```
79
Enlightened absolutism under frederick the great and self proclaimed title
"first servant of the state" embodiment of enlightened absolutism sought loyalty from junkers and proffessors, military, religious ppl
80
enlightened absolutism under catherine the great
gain loyalty from subjects, realized that she had an isolated realm
81
absolutist monarchs directly associated with the ideals of the enlightenment
frederick the great, loseph II, Catherine Great, maria theresa of austria
82
Joseph II of austria and social reforms
improve conditions of peasants
83
catherine the great of russia and the nobility
charter of nobility 1785, more power and privialge form loyalty
84
catherine the greats territorial aspirations/conquests
ottoman turks/black sea reagiona | crimean peninsual
85
results of the 1st partition of poland
Partition divided by: russia, prussia, austria poland: not centralized- not good at resisting attacks date when poland went off map:
86
facts about gotthold lessing
author of nathan the wise (interfaith relig. toleration) | german philosopher

Ap Euro by Sami (6 decks)

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