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COMD 3100 > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Respiration

A

The exchange of gases between an organism and its environment.

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2
Q

Inspiration

A

Process of bringing gas into the cells (inhalation)

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3
Q

Expiration

A

Process of eliminating waste.

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4
Q

Boyle’s Law

A

If you increase volume, pressure will decrease, if you decrease volume pressure will increase.

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5
Q

3 Parts of Framework or Respiration

A

Vertebral column, pelvic and pectoral girdles, and rib cage.

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6
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Provides protection for the spinal cord.

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7
Q

5 divisions of the vertebra (highest to lowest)

A

Cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal.

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8
Q

Which two sections fuse to become one?

A

The sacrum and coccygeal.

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9
Q

Invertebral Discs

A

Fibrocartilaginous discs that are found between C1 and C2, and provide support and cushion to vertebrae.

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10
Q

Body of Vertebrae

A

Anterior large plate like portion

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11
Q

Pedicles of the vertebrae

A

On the lateral side of the body, project posteriorly the join at midline.

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12
Q

Neural arch

A

Created where pedicles join at midline

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13
Q

Vertebral foreman

A

Canal created when vertebrae are stacked.

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14
Q

Spinous process

A

Extends dorsally and inferiorly from neural arch, attachment point of muscles and ligaments, protect the vertebral column.

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15
Q

Transverse process

A

Project laterally on either side of the lamina, and is also an attachment point for muscles and ligaments, and allows for the movement of the odontoid process.

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16
Q

Anatomy of Vertebrae

A

Ribs articulate with transverse processes in thoracic vertebrae.

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17
Q

Superior Articular processes

A

They are paired and articulate with adjacent superior vertebrae.

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18
Q

Inferior Articular processes

A

Articulate with adjacent inferior vertebrae

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19
Q

Anterior and posterior longitudinal ligaments

A

Extend through the length of the spinal column and bind the bodies of the vertebrae together.

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20
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Composed of the neck bone.

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21
Q

Atlas

A

First vertebrae, supports weight of the skull, and very small spinous process.

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22
Q

Axis

A

Fits into atlas, allows for rotation and pivoting of the skull

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23
Q

Dens or odontoid process

A

Protrudes through the vertebral foreman and helps protect damage to the spinal cord.

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24
Q

Cervical vertebrae

A

Prominent spinous process, transverse processes, invertebral foramina, superior and inferior articulate facets, and for rotating and rocking.

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25
Q

Thoracic vertebrae

A

Larger spinous and transverse processes than cervical vertebrae, attachment point for the ribs.

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26
Q

Ribs

A

They attach to thoracic vertebrae via the superior and inferior costal facets, ribs 1, 10, 11, and 12 attach at a 1:1 ratio meaning rib 10 connects to vertebrae 10, ribs 2-9 attach to the transverse process and the body of the vertebrae above it. All attach to the sternum by means of costal cartilage except for two lowest

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27
Q

Lumbar vertebrae

A

Largest and strongest vertebrae, carries weight during walking and lifting, and attachment points for back and abdominal muscles.

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28
Q

Sacrum

A

Sacral vertebrae fuse together or ossify to for the sacrum, sacral foramina provide a passageway for sacral nerves.

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29
Q

Coccyx

A

4 fused coccygeal vertebrae, beak like, articulates with sacrum by means of a small disc.

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30
Q

Normal spine curvature

A

Straight from anterior to posterior with very slight curve to the right, straight or slight curve forward in cervical section, convex in thoracic, concave in lumbar and convex in sacral.

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31
Q

Abnormal

A

Lateral curve scoliosis

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32
Q

Kyphosis

A

Hunchback, abnormal convexity thoracic region.

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33
Q

Lordosis

A

Swayback, abnormal concavity in lumbar or cervical area.

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34
Q

Pelvic girdle

A

Supports lower extremities, bears weight for legs.

35
Q

4 component of the pelvic girdle

A

Ilium, ischium, sacrum, and pubic bone.

36
Q

Ilium

A

Large wing like bone, support for the abdominal muscles, attachment point for inguinial ligament

37
Q

Ischium

A

Makes up lower and back portion of hip and fuses with ilium and pubis.

38
Q

Pectoral girdle

A

Supports upper extremities.

39
Q

3 components of pectoral girdle

A

Scapula, clavicle, and sternum.

40
Q

Scapula

A

Attachment point of several muscles, and clavicle

41
Q

Clavicle

A

Provides anterior support for shoulder, and attaches to the sternum and anterior portion of scapula.

42
Q

4 components of the Ribs

A

Head, neck, shaft, and angle.

43
Q

Head

A

Provides the articulating surface with the spinal column

44
Q

Neck

A

Portion right below the head of the rib

45
Q

Shaft

A

The body of the rib

46
Q

Angle

A

The point at which the rib begins to curve forward

47
Q

True ribs

A

Ribs 1-7, direct attachment to the sternum via a cartilaginous union

48
Q

False ribs

A

Ribs 8-10 attached to the sternum via cartilage which runs superiorly

49
Q

Floating rib

A

Ribs 11-12 articulate with the vertebral column.

50
Q

Sternum

A

Attaches to the clavicle and articulates with ribs by means of costal cartilage

51
Q

3 components of sternum

A

Manubrium sterni, corpus, xiphoid.

52
Q

Manubrium

A

Uppermost segment of sternum, contains jugular notch, and articulates with the clavicle and first rib.

53
Q

Body

A

Articulates with 6 ribs, forms the junction of the manubrium and body of the sternum.

54
Q

Xiphoid process

A

Provides attachment to the linea alba (midline of abdomen)

55
Q

Respiratory passageway

A

Provides communication between the lungs and external environment

56
Q

4 components of RP

A

Oral and nasal cavities, larynx, trachea, and bronchi.

57
Q

Trachea

A

Flexible tube, ~11 cm in length, composed of 16-20 hyaline cartilage rings on the anterior portion of the trachea, posterior wall has tracheal is muscle to fill in gap between c-rings.

58
Q

Carina trachea

A

Point at which the trachea divides into bronchi

59
Q

Bronchial tree

A

Begins at the level of the carina, gets smaller as it progresses in to lungs.

60
Q

Mainstem bronchi

A

Right bronchus is larger in diameter and straighter than the left because it is connected to the larger lung, but the left is twice as long.

61
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Right lung has 3, they extend into the lobes of the lungs

62
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Smaller passageways extending into the bronchioles

63
Q

Bronchioles

A

Final division of the bronchi, 1 mm or less in diameter.

64
Q

Terminal bronchioles

A

Termination of the bronchial tree

65
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

No cartilage, increase in bronchial muscle tissue, and contains terminal bronchioles in alveolar duct.

66
Q

Alveoli

A

Site of gas exchange

67
Q

2 parts of the alveoli

A

Alveolar ducts, and alveolar sacs.

68
Q

Asthma

A

The swelling that occurs in the bronchioles causing a decrease in diameter or the bronchial branches.

69
Q

Emphysema

A

The breakdown of the lung in which the alveoli that promote oxygen exchange between the air sac and the blood stream are destroyed.

70
Q

Lungs

A

Composed of tissue having a light, porous, and spongy texture, highly elastic, and dependent on musculature and air pressure to pump air in and out of the lungs.

71
Q

Apex of the lung

A

They point upward and fits into a space bounded by upper ribs, sternum and vertebrae

72
Q

Right lung

A

Has a transverse fissure and they both have oblique fissures

73
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space that separates the lungs, this is where the heart resides.

74
Q

Pericardium

A

Surrounds the heart and is a closed membranous sac

75
Q

Mediastinal surface

A

Surface of each lung facing the mediastinum

76
Q

Costal surface

A

Convex surface of lung next to ribs

77
Q

Pleurae

A

Covering for the lung and internal organs, allows for enlargement of the thorax for inspiration.

78
Q

Visceral pleural

A

Adheres to cover the lungs and pericardium

79
Q

Parietal pleurae

A

Adheres firmly to the thorax, and includes mediastinal and diaphramatic pleurae

80
Q

3 parts of pleurae’s interaction

A

Reduces surface tension, provides slippery interface between lungs and the thoracic wall, and the presence of surfactant keeps the sheets from clinging together.

81
Q

Pleurisy

A

A condition in which there is an increase of fluid in the plural cavity that causes inflammation and causes extreme pain during breathing.

82
Q

Pneumothorax

A

Is the puncture of the lungs pleural lining which results in a collapse of the lung, and means if one collapses the other may stay the same.

83
Q

Atelectasis

A

Is the collapse of a lung or part of it.

COMD 3100 (19 decks)

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