Flashcards in Unit 2 Deck (76):
1
A hypothesis is...
A prediction
2
Hypothesis that indicates a direction in results
Directional
3
Hypothesis that doesn’t indicate a direction in results
Non directional
4
Null hypothesis means ...
Prediction won’t happen - if so by chance
5
Operationalisation means
How you intend to measure the DV
6
An extraneous variable is...
Any variable except the IV that influences findings
7
Situational variable is ...
An extraneous variable that’s in the environment
Eg earthquake, hot sunny day
8
Participant variable is...
An extraneous variable caused by the participant
Eg: stress, being ill, tiredness
9
A confounding variable ....
Effects findings so much you’re no longer measuring what was intended
10
Covariables are ....
Associated variables - but doesn’t say how or why
11
Lab experiment is....
Takes place in a controlled environment
IV manipulated to see effect on DV
12
Field experiment is.....
Takes place in a more natural environment/real life setting
IV manipulated to see effect on DV
13
Natural experiment is ....
Takes place in a real life setting
IV left to naturally occur to see effect on DV
14
2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of lab experiments
+ high control + establish cause and effect
- artificial - demand characteristics
15
2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of field experiments
+ real life + ecologically valid
- limited variable control - difficult to replicate
16
2 Benefits 2 drawbacks of natural experiments
+ real life + ecologically valid
- not replicable - no control over variables
17
4 types of Naturalistic observation
Covert
Overt
Participant
Non participant
18
Covert observations...
Participants are unaware of the observation
19
Overt observations....
Participants know about the observation
20
1 benefit and 1 drawback of covert observation
+ validly
- unethical
21
1 benefit and 1 drawback of overt observation
+ ethical
- demand characteristics
22
1 benefit and 1 drawback of participant observation
+ practical
- may lack notes
23
1 benefit and 1 drawback of non participant observation
+ practical
- validity
24
Structured observations take place in...
Takes place in a lab
NOT an experiment!
25
1 benefit and 1 drawback of a structured observation
+ reliable
- poor validity
26
What is content analysis
A way of systematically describing written/spoken/visual communication
Provides quantitative data
27
3 benefits of content analysis
+ accounts for individual difference
+ establish behaviour causes
+ good to study emotion
28
3 drawbacks of content analysis
- not scientific
- can’t generalise
- lacks validity
29
Process of content analysis
1- draw up categories
2- tally, counting references to each category
30
3 types of interview
Structured
Unstructured
Semi structured
31
Types of question in a questionnaire
Open ended question
Closed questions
32
2 benefits to interviews
+ generalisable if sample is representative
+ easy to repeat
33
2 drawbacks to interviews
- objective
- unreliable answers
34
2 benefits to questionnaires
+ easy to gain large sample
+ easy to replicate
35
2 drawbacks to questionnaires
- unhonest response
- subjective
36
3 benefits to quantitative data
+ easy conclusions
+ scientific
+ superficial
37
2 drawbacks to quantitative data
- lacks validity
- narrow information
38
3 benefit is to qualitative data
+ meaningful and valid
+ ecological validity
+ can convert to quantitative
39
2 drawbacks to qualitative data
- hard to compare
- less scientific
40
Sampling frame where everyone has an equal chance
Random
41
Sampling frame where frost available is taken
Opportunity
42
Sampling frame where every Nth person is chosen
Systematic
43
Sampling frame where population is categorised and chosen in same proportions
Stratified
44
Sampling frame where target no. of participants of different groups
Quota
45
Sampling frame where participants volunteer themselves
Volunteer
46
Sampling frame where participant offers up another participant
Snowballing
47
Types of snowball Sampling
Non discrimative exponential
Discriminate exponential
48
1 benefit 1 drawback of random sampling
+ unbiased
- issues in being representative
49
1 benefit 1 drawback of opportunity sampling
+ easy and quick
- not representative
50
1 benefit 1 drawback of systematic sampling
+ representative sample
- can be difficult
51
1 benefit 1 drawback of stratified sampling
+ very representative
- time consuming
52
1 benefit 1 drawback of quota sampling
+ focused research
- not always representative, can be bias
53
1 benefit 1 drawback of volunteer sampling
+ motivated people
- not representative
54
1 benefit 1 drawback of snowballing sampling
+ good for minorities
- little control
55
2 Observational sampling techniques
Time sampling
Situation/event sampling
56
4 types of experimental design
Independent measures
Repeated measures
Matched pairs
Counterbalanced design
57
Independent measures design involves....
Different participants from different groups
58
1 benefit 1 weakness of independent measures
+ no order effects
- participant variables
59
Repeated measures involves....
Participants doing both sets of conditions
60
1 benefit 1 weakness of repeated measures
+ no individual differences
- no order effect. - demand characteristics
61
Matched pairs involves.....
Match participants into both groups via characteristics and treat as independent measures
62
1 benefit 1 weakness of matched pairs
+ no order effect
- participant variables
63
4 levels of measurement
Nominal
Ordinal
Interval
Ratio
64
Nominal data has...
Exclusive categories with no relative rank
65
Ordinal data has....
Ranked exclusive categories where attributes are ordered via rank
66
Interval data has.....
Continuous scale - no absolute 0
67
Ratio data has....
Continuous scale that has an absolute 0
68
Internal Reliability can be measured by...
Split half method
69
External reliability can be measured using....
Test rated method
Inter-rather reliability
70
2 issues within validity
Demand characteristics
Researcher bias
71
How to solve validity issues
Single blind design
Double blind design
Experimental realism
72
2 benefits of case studies
Valid and rich data
Ecologically valid
73
2 drawbacks of case studies
Low generalisability
Not replicable
74
2 types of research methods
Longitudinal
Cross sectional
75
2 benefits 2 weakness of longitudinal research methods
+ no participant variables
+ easy comparisons
- hard to keep participants
- issues with generalisability
76