Unit 2

Question 1

Science

Answer 1

Asystematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world

Question 2

Goals of Science

Answer 2

Prediction, controland development of technology

Question 3

Natural science

Answer 3

Empiricalphenomena; Direct observation & measurement; manipulate independent variables

Question 4

Types of natural science

Answer 4

Physics, chemistry, biology, behavior analysis

Question 5

Social science

Answer 5

Hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm; Indirect observation & measurement; inferential statistics

Question 6

Types of social science

Answer 6

Psychology, sociology, political science

Question 7

Determinism

Answer 7

The universe is a lawful and orderly place

Question 8

Lawfulness of behavior

Answer 8

All behavior is determined by the genetic makeup of an organism, its history and its current situation

Question 9

Empiricism

Answer 9

Objective observation with thoroughdescription and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior

Question 10

Experimentation and Replication

Answer 10

2 elements of empiricism

Question 11

Experimentation

Answer 11

Systematic manipulation of an independent variable

Question 12

Replication

Answer 12

Repeating any part of an experiment

Question 13

Parsimony

Answer 13

Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Question 14

Philosophical Doubt

Answer 14

Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact

Question 15

Pragmatism

Answer 15

Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

Question 16

Behaviorism

Answer 16

The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis.Posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science.

Question 17

Radical Behaviorism

Answer 17

B.F. Skinner’s philosophy of the science of human behaviorand the most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis.

Question 18

Determinants of Behavior

Answer 18

Causes of behavior: inherited biological factors, organism’s experiential history and current environment

Question 19

Selection

Answer 19

The process in which repeated cyclesoccur of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction

Question 20

Natural, Operant and Cultural

Answer 20

3 types of selection by consequences

Question 21

Natural Selection

Answer 21

The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on

Question 22

Operant Selection

Answer 22

Selection at the individual level; behavioral variability

Question 23

Cultural Selection

Answer 23

Cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group and are passed on through generations

Question 24

Temporal contiguity

Answer 24

The nearness of events in time

Question 25

Contingency

Answer 25

A dependency between events

Question 26

Types of Contingencies

Answer 26

S-S contingencies (pairing) R-S contingencies S-R-S contingencies (the 3-term contingency)

Question 27

Basic operations

Answer 27

``` Direct observation, Repeated measures, Graph data, Manipulation, Systematic evaluation ,Analysis and interpretation ```

Question 28

Direct Observation

Answer 28

Use our ears, eyes and other senses to directly observe behavior, environmental events and the real-life context

Question 29

Repeated measures

Answer 29

Collecting data multiple times before intervention, multiple times after each intervention and multiple times during any other phase of the study

Question 30

Graph data

Answer 30

Different types of graphs to chart repeated measures on an ongoing basis

Question 31

Manipulation

Answer 31

Altering antecedents and consequences in the environment

Question 32

Systematic evaluation

Answer 32

Using single-case designs to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as his own control

Question 33

Analysis and Interpretation

Answer 33

Using single case designs and graphed data to make statements about functional relations between behavior and environmental events

Question 34

Consequential Operation (+)

Answer 34

Contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response.

Question 35

Consequential Operation (-)

Answer 35

Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response.

Question 36

Learning

Answer 36

A relatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience.

Question 37

Learning with and without words

Answer 37

Words can facilitate learning or can interfere with learning