Unit 3

Question 1

4 types of unlearned environment-behavior relations

Answer 1

Reflexes, Kinesis, Taxis and Fixed action patterns

Question 2

Reflex

Answer 2

Asimple relation between an antecedent stimulus and a reflex response

Question 3

Elicit

Answer 3

To strongly, consistently, and reliablyevoke

Question 4

Unconditioned Reflex

Answer 4

A simple relation between a specific stimulus and a specific innate, involuntary response

Question 5

Unconditioned Stimulus

Answer 5

A stimulus thatelicits anunconditioned response without prior learning

Question 6

Unconditioned Response

Answer 6

Aresponse thatis elicited by an unconditioned stimulus without prior learning

Question 7

Habituation

Answer 7

A temporary reduction in a reflex response due to repeated presentations of the eliciting stimulus

Question 8

Adaptation

Answer 8

A reduction in the frequency or magnitude of a response (or set of responses) as a result of prolonged exposure to a stimulus or environmental context

Question 9

Potentiation

Answer 9

Atemporary increase in some dimension or intensity of a reflex response due to repeated presentations of an eliciting stimulus

Question 10

Sensitization

Answer 10

The tendency of a stimulus to elicit a reflex response following the elicitation of that response by a different stimulus

Question 11

Respondent Conditioning

Answer 11

A stimulus-stimulus pairing procedures in which a neutral stimulus is presented with an unconditioned stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes a conditioned stimulus that elicits the conditioned response

Question 12

Conditioned Reflex

Answer 12

A simple relation between a specific conditioned stimulus and a conditioned involuntary response

Question 13

Neutral Stimulus

Answer 13

A stimulus that has no eliciting effect on behavior prior to being paired contingently with an unconditioned stimulus or another conditioned stimulus

Question 14

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 14

A stimulus elicits a conditioned response due to prior learning (ontogenic provenance)

Question 15

Conditioned Response

Answer 15

Aresponse thatis elicited by a conditioned stimulus due to prior learning

Question 16

5 Respondent Conditioning Procedures

Answer 16

Short delay, long delay, trace conditioning, simultaneous conditioning and backward conditioning

Question 17

Short Delay Conditioning

Answer 17

The ONSET of the CS must come first, 1-2 seconds before the ONSET of the US; very effective

Question 18

Long Delay Conditioning

Answer 18

The ONSET ofthe CS must come first, up to 30 seconds before the ONSET of the US; usually effective

Question 19

Trace Conditioning Procedure

Answer 19

The OFFSET of the CS must come before the ONSET of the US; sometimes effective

Question 20

Simultaneous Conditioning Procedure

Answer 20

CS and US occur at thesame time; usually not effective

Question 21

Backward Conditioning Procedure

Answer 21

The ONSET of the US must come before the ONSET of the CS; almost always ineffective

Question 22

Higher-Order Conditioning

Answer 22

Aneutral stimulus is paired with a previously conditioned stimulus (CS) rather than with a US

Question 23

Stimuli likely to be ineffective as a CE

Answer 23

Stimulus changes that are subtle, indistinct or difficult to discriminate, and stimuli that have a complex learning history associated with them

Question 24

Respondent Extinction

Answer 24

The process through which a conditioned reflex is weakened by discontinuing to pair the CS with the US

Question 25

The process of respondent extinction

Answer 25

The unpairing of the CS and the US

Question 26

Respondent Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 26

The sudden reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned reflex

Question 27

Respondent Stimulus Generalization

Answer 27

The spread of the effects of respondent conditioning to stimuli other than the conditioned stimulus

Question 28

The Little Albert Experiment

Answer 28

Aimed to discover ways that infants learn emotional reactions, and once conditioned aimed to show how to eliminate them.

Question 29

John Watson

Answer 29

The Father of Behaviorism who discovered that emotional reactions can be learned and proposed ways to counter-condition phobias

Question 30

Phylogenic provenance

Answer 30

The effect of a stimulus on a specific response may be innate, due to the evolutionary history of that species.

Question 31

Ontogenic provenance

Answer 31

The effect of the stimulus on a specific response may be learned, due to the experiential history of the individual organism in the environment.