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5011 > Unit 4 > Flashcards

Unit 4 Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

The Law of Effect

A

Organisms learn through the consequences of their actions

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2
Q

Edward Lee Thorndike

A

Discovered The Law of Effect

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3
Q

Operant Behavior

A

Behavior that has an effect on the environment and is primarily under the control of its consequences

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4
Q

Consequences in operant behavior

A

Have a strengthening or weakening effect on the future probability of the behavior under similar conditions

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5
Q

Operant selection

A

The ability to learn through consequences, which results in new behavior and changes in dimensions of behavior

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6
Q

Process of operant selection

A

Behavioral variability, selection by consequences, and behavioral reproduction occurs throughout the organism’s lifetime.

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7
Q

Simplest type of operant contingency

A

R-S (Response-Stimulus)

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8
Q

Basic 3-term contingency

A

S-R-S, more popularly stated as A-B-C (antecedent-behavior-consequence)

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9
Q

2 general types of consequences

A

Reinforcement and Punishment

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10
Q

SR+

A

Unconditioned Positive Reinforcement

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11
Q

Sr+

A

Conditioned Positive Reinforcement

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12
Q

SR-

A

Unconditioned Negative Reinforcement

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13
Q

Sr-

A

Conditioned Negative Reinforcement

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14
Q

SP+

A

Unconditioned Positive Punishment

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15
Q

Sp+

A

Conditioned Positive Punishment

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16
Q

SP-

A

Unconditioned Negative Punishment

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17
Q

Sp-

A

Conditioned Negative Punishment

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18
Q

Extinction (from reinforcement) and Recovery (from punishment)

A

Two other types of consequences that consist of withholding previous consequences

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19
Q

Extinction

A

Discontinuing reinforcement of a previously reinforced behavior

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20
Q

Reinforcement

A

An environmental change that follows a response and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior

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21
Q

5 Critical attributes of reinforcement

A

Environmental change must occur after the response, must occur immediately after the response, contingent upon the response, must increase or maintain future responding, automaticity

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22
Q

Premack Principle

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A

If the opportunity to engage in a “preferred” or “high-probability” behavior is made contingent on engaging in a “less preferred” behavior, the future duration or frequency of the “less preferred” behavior will increase

23
Q

Reinforcer

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A

A stimulus that, when presented following a response, increases or maintains the future frequency of that response

24
Q

6 Variable attributes of reinforcement

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A

Conditioned or unconditioned, positive or negative, automatic or socially mediated, variety of schedules, natural or planned, reinforcing under some conditions but not others

25
Unconditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that, usually, is reinforcing without any prior learning; that is, its effect is due to phylogenic provenance(genetics)
26
Conditioned Reinforcer
A stimulus that initially has no innate reinforcing properties, but acquires reinforcing properties through pairing with unconditioned reinforcers or powerful conditioned reinforcers; effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)
27
Generalized Conditioned Reinforcer
A conditioned reinforcer that has been paired with a variety of other reinforcers and is effective for a wide range of behaviors
28
Positive Reinforcement
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that increases or maintains the future frequency of that response
29
Negative Reinforcement
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn or removed) or attenuated following a response, and increases or maintains the future frequency of that behavior
30
Escape
Behavior that terminates an aversive stimulusand is maintained by negative reinforcement
31
Avoidance
A response terminates a “warning” stimulus; prevents or delays the onset of the aversive stimulus
32
Warning stimulus
A conditioned aversive stimulus whose presence is correlated with the upcoming onset of an unconditioned aversive stimulus
33
Unsignaled avoidance
No clear warning stimulus, but a response can still delay or prevent the occurrence of the aversive event
34
Automatic Reinforcement
The response itself directlyproduces the reinforcing consequence; the consequence is NOT mediated by another person
35
Socially Mediated Reinforcement
The consequence is mediated by another person
36
4 Types of Reinforcement
Socially mediated positive, Socially mediated negative, Automatic positive,Automatic negative
37
Schedule of reinforcement
Specifies the criteria for reinforcement in terms of number of responses required and/or when the response occurs
38
Planned reinforcement
A person explicitly arranged the contingency
39
Unplanned reinforcement
The contingency occurred naturally and was not explicitly arranged
40
5 Variables affecting reinforcer effectiveness
Deprivation and satiation, species-specific biological preparedness, response effort, competing reinforcers, environmentalcontext
41
Competing reinforcers
Different reinforcers are available at the same time, for the same behavior, and/or for competing behavior and they may alter each other’s value
42
Operant Extinction
The process by which a previously reinforced behavior is weakened by withholding reinforcement
43
3 Critical attributes of extinction
Behavior has been previously reinforced, reinforcement must be withheld every time the behavior occurs, the behavior has to be weakened
44
3 Variable attributes of operant extinction
May be an extinction burst, may exhibit variation in topography and emotional responses following extinction, may involve withholding a stimulus or not withdrawing an aversive stimulus
45
Operant Spontaneous Recovery
The sudden and temporary reappearance of a behavior following extinction
46
Resurgence
The reappearance of a previously extinguished behavior during the extinction of a more recently reinforced behavior
47
Punishment
An environmental change immediately following a response which decreases the future frequency of that behavior in similar conditions
48
Unconditioned Punisher
A stimulus that, usually, is punishing without any prior learning; its effect is due to phylogenic provenance (genetics)
49
Conditioned Punisher
A stimulus that initially has no innate punishing properties, but acquires punishing properties through pairing with unconditioned punishers or powerful conditioned punishers; its effect is due to ontogenic provenance (experiences)
50
Positive Punishment
An environmental change in which a stimulus is added (presented) or magnified following a response, that decreases the future frequency of that response
51
Negative Punishment
An environmental change in which a stimulus is subtracted (withdrawn, removed) or attenuated following a response, which decreases the future frequency of that behavior
52
Time-out from positive reinforcement
A procedure based on the principle of negative punishment;the organism cannot access (generally specified) reinforcersfor an amount of time
53
2 Variables affecting punishment
Motivating Operations (MOs) and competing reinforcement contingencies
54
Recovery from Punishment
The process by which a previously punished behavior is strengthened by withholding punishment

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