Unit 2

Question 1

A systematic approach for seeking and organizing knowledge about the natural world

Answer 1

Science

Question 2

Goals of Science

Answer 2

Prediction, control and development of technology

Question 3

Empirical phenomena; Direct observation & measurement; manipulate independent variables

Answer 3

Natural Science

Question 4

Types of natural science

Answer 4

Physics, chemistry, biology, behavior analysis

Question 5

Hypothetical constructs outside of the natural realm; Indirect observation & measurement; inferential statistics

Answer 5

Social Science

Question 6

Types of social science

Answer 6

Psychology, sociology, political science

Question 7

Philosophical assumptionsof behavior analysis

Answer 7

Determinism, empiricism, parsimony, philosophical doubt, pragmatism

Question 8

The universe is a lawful and orderly place

Answer 8

Determinism (Philosophical assumption of behavior analysis)

Question 9

All behavior is determined by the genetic makeup of an organism, its history and its current situation

Answer 9

Lawfulness of Behavior ( Philosophical assumption of behavior analysis)

Question 10

Objective observation with thoroughdescription and quantification of the phenomena of interest, behavior

Answer 10

Empiricism (Philosophical assumption of behavior analysis)

Question 11

2 elements of empiricism

Answer 11

Experimentation and Replication

Question 12

Systematic manipulation of an independent variable

Answer 12

Experimentation

Question 13

Repeating any part of an experiment

Answer 13

Replication

Question 14

Requires that all simple, logical explanations for the phenomena of interest be ruled out experimentally before more complex or abstract explanations are considered

Answer 14

Parsimony

Question 15

Continually question the truthfulness of what is regarded as fact

Answer 15

Philosophical Doubt

Question 16

Assesses the truth of theories or beliefs in terms of the success of their practical application

Answer 16

Pragmatism

Question 17

The philosophy or world view underlying behavior analysis.Posits that behavior is the subject matter of our science

Answer 17

Behaviorism

Question 18

B.F. Skinner’s philosophy of the science of human behaviorand the most influential type of behaviorism for guiding the science and practice of behavior analysis.

Answer 18

Radical Behaviorism

Question 19

Causes of behavior: inherited biological factors, organism’s experiential history and current environment

Answer 19

Determinants of Behavior

Question 20

The process in which repeated cyclesoccur of variation, interaction with the environment, and differential replication as a function of the interaction

Answer 20

Selection

Question 21

3 types of selection by consequences

Answer 21

Natural, Operant and Cultural

Question 22

The environment selects which variations survive and are passed on

Answer 22

Natural Selection

Question 23

Selection at the individual level; behavioral variability

Answer 23

Operant Selection

Question 24

Cultural practices evolve as they contribute to the success of the practicing group and are passed on through generations

Answer 24

Cultural Selection

Question 25

The nearness of events in time

Answer 25

Temporal contiguity

Question 26

A dependency between events

Answer 26

Contingency

Question 27

Types of Contingencies

Answer 27

S-S contingencies (paring) R-S contingencies S-R-S contingencies (the 3-term contingencies)

Question 28

Basic operations

Answer 28

Direct observation, repeated measures, graphed data, manipulation, systematic evaluation, analysis and interpretation

Question 29

Use our ears, eyes and other senses to directly observe behavior, environmental events and the real-life context

Answer 29

Direct Observation

Question 30

Collecting data multiple times before intervention, multiple times after each intervention and multiple times during any other phase of the study

Answer 30

Repeated measures

Question 31

Different types of graphs to chart repeated measures on an ongoing basis

Answer 31

Graph data

Question 32

Manipulation

Answer 32

Altering antecedents and consequences in the environment

Question 33

Using single-case designs to control for extraneous variables and each participant serves as his own control

Answer 33

Systematic evaluation

Question 34

Using single case designs and graphed data to make statements about functional relations between behavior and environmental events

Answer 34

Analysis and Interpretation

Question 35

Contingently present a stimulus immediately after the response.

Answer 35

Consequential Operation (+)

Question 36

Contingently remove a stimulus immediately after the response.

Answer 36

Consequential Operation (-)

Question 37

Arelatively permanent change in behavior as a result of experience

Answer 37

Learning