unit 2

Question 1

1. measurement and description 2. understanding and prediction 3. application and control

Answer 1

goals of the scientific enterprise

Question 2

tentative statement about a relationship between 2 or more variables, test 2 or so at a time

Answer 2

hypothesis

Question 3

any measurable conditions, characteristics or behaviours that are controlled or observed in a study

Answer 3

variables

Question 4

must be testable, set of interrelated ideas used to explain observations. from description to understanding

Answer 4

theory

Question 5

describes the actions or operations that will be used to measure or control a variable (methods?)

Answer 5

operational definition

Question 6

persons or animals whose behaviour is systematically observed in a study

Answer 6

participants/subjects

Question 7

procedures for making empirical observations and measurements

Answer 7

data collection techniques

Question 8

watch and record behaviour objectively, stopwatch and video recorder

Answer 8

direct observation

Question 9

subjects answer written questions about aspects of their attitudes, opinions, aspects of behaviour

Answer 9

questionnaire

Question 10

face-to-face dialogue, obtain information about a subject’s behaviour

Answer 10

interview

Question 11

standardized measure to obtain a sample of behaviour, Mental abilities or personality traits

Answer 11

psychological test

Question 12

monitor or record physiological processes (heart rate, brain activity…)

Answer 12

physiological recording

Question 13

researcher analyzes existing archives (medical, economic, educational, legal…)

Answer 13

examination of archival records

Question 14

1. formulate a testable hypothesis 2. select the research method and design the study 3. collect the data 4. analyze data and draw conclusions 5. report findings

Answer 14

steps to a scientific investigation

Question 15

periodical that publishes technical and scholarly material, niche

Answer 15

journal

Question 16

various approaches to observation, measurement, manipulation, control of variables

Answer 16

research methods

Question 17

research method where a variable is manipulated in controlled conditions and observes any changes in a second variable

Answer 17

experiment

Question 18

what is manipulated in an experiment to see the impact on another

Answer 18

independant variable

Question 19

what is being observed for potential change from the manipulated variable

Answer 19

dependant variable

Question 20

group in an experiment with special treatment (independent variable)

Answer 20

experimental group

Question 21

group in an experiment that does not receive any special treatment

Answer 21

control group

Question 22

variables other than the independent that seem to influence the dependent

Answer 22

extraneous variables

Question 23

when 2 variables are linked in a way that it is difficult to identify their specific effects

Answer 23

confounding of variables

Question 24

when all subjects have an equal chance of being assigned to any group or condition

Answer 24

random assignment

Question 25

subjects serve as their own control group

Answer 25

within-subject design

Question 26

two of more independent groups of subjects are exposed to a manipulation of an independent variable

Answer 26

between-subject design

Question 27

research experiments in settings very similar to real life, or in real life

Answer 27

field experiment

Question 28

more applicable results to real life

Answer 28

generalizability

Question 29

observation of behaviour without intervention

Answer 29

naturalistic observation

Question 30

when a subject's behaviour is altered by the presence of an observer

Answer 30

reactivity

Question 31

in-depth investigation of a particular subject

Answer 31

case study

Question 32

case study of victims of suicide

Answer 32

psychological autopsies

Question 33

questionnaires or interviews to gather information about a participants' behaviour

Answer 33

survey

Question 34

using math to organize, summarize, and interpret data

Answer 34

statistics

Question 35

organize and summarize data

Answer 35

descriptive statistics

Question 36

median, mea, mode

Answer 36

measures of central tendency

Question 37

score in the exact centre of a distribution of scores

Answer 37

median

Question 38

arithmetic average of scores, most useful

Answer 38

mean

Question 39

most frequent score in a distribution

Answer 39

mode

Question 40

line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution

Answer 40

frequency polygon

Question 41

arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each/groups of scores

Answer 41

frequency distribution

Question 42

tail points to negative, scores pile up at the high end of the scale

Answer 42

negatively skewed distribution

Question 43

tail points to positive, scores pile up at the low end of the scale

Answer 43

positively skewed distribution

Question 44

three measures of central tendency converge

Answer 44

symmetrical distribution

Question 45

how much the scores in a data set vary from each other and from the mean

Answer 45

variability

Question 46

difference from the highest and lowest scores

Answer 46

range

Question 47

index amount of variability is a set of data (high variability, high standard of deviation)

Answer 47

standard deviation

Question 48

symmetrical bell shaped curve, represents human characteristics

Answer 48

normal distribution

Question 49

% of people at or below a particular score

Answer 49

percentile score

Question 50

two variables are related to each other (quantify strength of relationship)

Answer 50

correlation

Question 51

numerical index of the degree of relationship between two variables (+ or -)

Answer 51

correlation coefficient

Question 52

2 variables covary in the same direction

Answer 52

positive correlation

Question 53

2 variables covary in the opposite direction

Answer 53

negative correlation

Question 54

strength of correlation (- or +1 is perfect 1 to 1 relationship)

Answer 54

size of the coefficient

Question 55

stats used to interpret data and draw conclusions

Answer 55

inferential statistics

Question 56

exists when the probability that chance is very low (5 chances in 100, 0.05 level of significance)

Answer 56

statistical significance

Question 57

repeat a study to see if results are duplicated

Answer 57

replication

Question 58

combo of stat results of many studies with the same question, estimate of the size and consistency of a variable's effects

Answer 58

meta-analysis

Question 59

sample is misrepresenting the population

Answer 59

sampling bias

Question 60

the larger collection from which the sample is drawn, what researchers want to study

Answer 60

population

Question 61

participants' expectations influence what they experience

Answer 61

placebo effect

Question 62

tendency to respond to a question in an unrelated way (agree with everything for example)

Answer 62

response set

Question 63

experimenter's result preferences influence the results of an experiment

Answer 63

experimenter bias

Question 64

neither subjects nor experimenters know which group is the control group and which is the experimental group

Answer 64

double-blind procedure

Question 65

studies where data is collected on the internet

Answer 65

internet-mediated research

Question 66

1. respect for dignity of persons 2. responsible caring 3. integrity in relationships 4. responsibility to society

Answer 66

code of ethics (canadian)