Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups > Unit 2 Case 2: GERD > Flashcards

Unit 2 Case 2: GERD Flashcards

1
Q

anatomy of the oesophagus

A

C6 to T11
adventitia
muscularis externa
submucosa
mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

musculares externa in the superior third

A

voluntary striated muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

musculares externa in the middle third

A

voluntary striated and smooth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

muscularis externa in the inferior third

A

smooth muscle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

layers in the muscularis externa of the stomach q

A

longitudinal
circular
oblique

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 regions of the stomach

A

cardia- surrounds opening of the oesophagus
fundus-area above the cardinal orifice
body-largest region
pylorus- stomach to the duodenum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

2 sphincters inside of the stomach

A

inferior oesophageal
pyloric

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

inferior oesophageal sphincter

A

transition between stomach and oesophagus at T11
food passes from oesophagus through cardiac orifice and into body of the stomach

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

pyloric sphincter

A

lies between pylorus and start of the duodenum
controms exit of chyme (food and gastric acid mixture)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

3 sublayers of the mucosa of the oesophagus

A

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium
lamina propria
muscularis mucosa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

stratified squamous non-keratinised epithelium

A

mucous production
for lubrication and neutralisation of acid
protection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

lamina propria

A

absorption via the capillaries
contains MALT for immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

muscularis mucosa

A

for localised movement
uses muscular contraction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

submucosa

A

large network of blood vessels
increases SA for nutrient absorption
mucus glands for lubrication of bolus
Meissen nerve cells to control effectors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

histology of the stomach

A

simple columnar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what occurs in the fundus and the body of the stomach

A

the epithelial lining invaginate
forming gastric pits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

cells that the gastric pits contain

A

surface lining
regenerative
mucous neck cells
parietal
chief

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

regenerative cells

A

replace any of the other cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

mucous neck cells

A

secrete mucous and neutralise acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

parietal cells

A

release hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor and gastrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

chief cells

A

secretes pepsinogen and HCl converts pepsinogen to pepsin, active form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is GERD

A

stomach contents regurgitate up into the oesophagus
oesophageal sphincter is in a relaxed state
impaired lower oesophageal sphincter mechanism
intragastric pressure
delayed gastric emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

symptoms of GERD

A

heartburn
unpleasant sour taste in the mouth
upper GI pain
cough
hiccups
halitosis
bloating
nausea and vomiting
dysphagia
odynophagia
nocturnal asthma

24
Q

when can GERd symptoms worsen

A

lying down
bending over
after eating

25
Q

what is dyspepsia

A

collection of symptoms of upper GI pain: heartburn, nausea,vomiting
not a diagnosis

26
Q

drug used in this case

A

lansoprazole

27
Q

what is lansoprazole

A

proton pump inhibitor
chemical mature of benzimidazole sulfoxide

28
Q

what can lansoprazole be used to treat

A

duodenal ulcers
gastric ulcers
erosive oesophagitis
GERD
Zollinger-ellison syndrome

29
Q

mechanism of action of lansoprazole

A

in separate flashcards

30
Q

mechanism of action of lansoprazole

A

binds to the proton pump inhibitors and prevent release of protons into the stomach from parietal cells
reduces amount of HCl produced by stomach
increases pH of the stomach

31
Q

short term side effects of lansoprazole

A

headaches
abdominal pain
nausea

32
Q

long term effects of lansoprazole

A

infections
deficiency in vitamin B12, magnesium, iron and calcium
diarrhoea

33
Q

what is Barrett’s oesophagus

A

replacement of normal stratified squamous epithelium with metaplastic premalignant intestinal columnar epithelium in the distal oesophagus

34
Q

what is oesophageal cancer

A

a malignancy that develops in tissues of the hollow, muscular canal along which food and liquid travel from the throat to the stomach

35
Q

2 main types of oesophageal cancer

A

adenocarcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma

36
Q

what are the risk factors for GERD

A

overweight
pregnancy
smoking
drugs
hiatus hernia
stress
diet
gender
other diseases

37
Q

overweight as a risk factor

A

increased pressure
lower oesophageal sphincter releaxes
acid travels up the oesophagus
body less efficient at emptying stomach contents
increases acid secretion

38
Q

pregnancy as a risk factor

A

increased weight and growth of foetus
increases pressure on the stomach
acid travels up the oesophagus
hormones such as plasma progesterone
weakens the lower oesophageal sphincter
stomach acid easily pushes up

39
Q

smoking as a risk factor

A

nicotine relaxes smooth muscle and lower oesophageal sphincter
acid and stomach contents travel up oesophagus
reduces salvation, saliva contains acid-neutralising bicarbonate
less acid neutralisation takes place

40
Q

short term implications of GERD

A

heartburn
dry cough
difficulty swallowing
asthma-like symptoms
sore throat
bad breath
nausea

41
Q

long term implications of GERD

A

oesophagitis
oesophageal ulcers
oesophageal bleeding
oesophageal stricture
barrett’s oesophagus
oesophageal cancer

42
Q

3 main types of medicine for indigestion q

A

antacids and alginates
PPIs
H2-blockers

43
Q

examples of antacids and alginates

A

gaviscon
maalox
setlers
tums

44
Q

case specific members of the MDT

A

dietician
endoscopist
gatroenterologist

45
Q

diagnosing GERD

A

proton pump inhibitor trial
barium swallow
oesophageal pH monitoring
endoscopy

46
Q

proton pump inhibitor trial

A

reduce amount of hydrochloric acid the stomach produces and are given to see if symptoms of acid reflux after 4-8 weeks

47
Q

barium swallow

A

given a barium solution
coats the inside lining of the digestive tract
allows the silhouette of the oesophagus to be seen under an x-ray
shows the fluid travelling down oesophagus
assess for reflux or other issues

48
Q

2 types of oesphageal pH monitoring

A

catheter
capsule

49
Q

catheter monitoring

A

catheter down oesophagus for 24 hours
adds impedance to distinguish between acid and non-acid reflux
impedance monitoring detects changes in resistance to electrical current

50
Q

capsule monitoring

A

endoscope
small wireless pH sensing capsule
measures and transmits signal onto belt
48 hours
patient can continue normal activities

51
Q

what is manometry

A

assess muscle of the oesophagus
measures the pressure inside

52
Q

fundoplication

A

strengthens the barrier acid reflux when sphincter doesn’t function correctly
top of the stomach, fungus is folded and sewn around the LEs

53
Q

when would you have a fundoplication

A

when you fail to respond to adequate doses of medication
intolerable side effects from medication
not wanting to take long-term medication

54
Q

effects of illness on other family members

A

emotional upheaval
somatic problems
cognitive and emotional problems
behavioural troubles

55
Q

how can friends and family support GERD patients

A

educate themselves on GERD
help manage lifestyle factors that can alleviate GERD symptoms
quit smoking
encourage more exercise

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions