Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups > Unit 6 Case 2: Stroke > Flashcards

Unit 6 Case 2: Stroke Flashcards

1
Q

what is a stroke

A

rapid onset of symptoms, focal (function) loss of cerebral function, cells die in minutes as brain doesn’t have its own energy storage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

3 types of stroke

A

ischaemic
hemorrhagic
TIA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what is a TIA

A

transient ischemic attack
caused by a temporary disruption to blood supply to part of the brain
only last a few minutes and fully resolve within 24 hours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

haemorhagic stroke

A

cerebral blood vessels burst

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

ischaemic stroke or TIA

A

narrowing or occlusion of a blood vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

types of hemorrhagic stroke

A

intercerebral or subarachnoid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

types of ischaemic stroke/ TIA

A

embolic or cerebral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

presentation of stroke

A

may be difficult to detect at the time
acute onset
arm weakness
leg weakness
facial weakness
speech disturbance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

risk factors for stroke

A

hypertension
overweight/obesity
drugs, alcohol and smoking
blood thinners
air pollution
anxiety, depression and high stress levels
family history/genetics
race/ ethnicity
age/ gender
infections/ inflammation
brain aneurysms
high cholesterol
heart and blood vessel diseases
diabetes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

differential diagnoses for a stroke

A

seizure
syncope
sepsis
migraine
brain tumour
dementia
postural drop

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

investigations carried out for suspected stroke

A

physical exam
ROSIER scale
blood tests
scans
carotid ultrasound
echocardiography
cerebral angiogram
swallow tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

physical examination in a stroke

A

medical history: ask questions vascular, lifestyle, family history, onset, positive and negative symptoms
neuro exam
physical exam: blood pressure, mental awareness (GCS) and FAST

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

questions you may ask someone with suspected stroke

A

ever suddenly gone blind in one eye
double vision more than a few seconds
jumbled/ slurred speech?
weakness/ loss of feeling in face/arm/leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what does FAST stand for

A

facial weakness
arm weakness
speech problems
time to call 999

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

ROSIER scale

A

used to differentiate between stroke and differential diagnoses
score 1-5= stroke possible
score -2-0= stroke unlikely
score -1= seizure/ loss of consciousness
score +1= facial, arm and leg weakness, speech disturbance, visual field defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

blood tests carried out in stroke

A

FBC
serum electrolytes
blood clotting tests
heart attack tests
thyroid function tests
blood glucose
cholesterol tests
c- reactive protein tests

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

FBC

A

diagnose infection, anaemia, clotting problems and other blood problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

serum electrolytes

A

electrolytes can cause stroke like symptoms (confusion/muscle weakness)
show dehydration
kidney problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

blood clotting tests

A

coagulation panel
blood clots too quickly could be ischameic stroke
too slowly could be hemorrhagic stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

heart attack tests

A

some heart problems lead to stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

thyroid tests

A

measure thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism increases risk of atrial fibrillation may lead to stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

blood glucose tests

A

low glucose common diabetic complication may lead to stroke like symptoms without a stroke

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

cholesterol tests

A

see if high cholesterol is a cause

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

c reactive protein

A

substances body releases during inflammation, damage to arteries is a cause of inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the 2 blood clotting tests
prothrombin time partial thromboplastin time
26
prothrombin time
protein produced by the liver helps the blood to clot most often monitored if the patient takes blood thinners e.g. warfarin average time to clot is 10-13 seconds international normalised ratio= patient PT divided by control PT people not on thinners= 1.1 or below is normal and thinners is 2-3 increased INR is slower clotting than normal
27
partial thromboplastin time
looks at one proteins in coagulation cascade and measures their clotting ability
28
blood clotting too slowly
can be caused by blood thinning medications liver problems inadequate levels of protein causing blood to clot vitamin K deficiency other substances in the blood that prevents work of clotting factors
29
blood clotting too fast
can be caused by supplements that contain vitamin K high intake of foods that contain vitamin K: liver, broccoli, chickpeas, green tea, kale, turnip greens and products that contain soybeans oestrogen- containing medications such as birth control pills and hormone replacement therapy
30
why would scans be completed
to see if ischaemic or hemorrhagic stroke which part of the brain is affected how severe stroke is early scan is useful when: people may benefit from treatment e.g. thrombolysis, already taking anti-coagulants and lower level of consciousness
31
Ct scan for stroke
detect if ischaemic or hemorrhagic first call quicker than MRI
32
MRI scan for stroke
people with complex symptoms where extent/ location of damage is unknown used in people recovering from TIA tissue in greater detail
33
carotid ultrasound
help show if any narrowing/blockages in the neck arteries that supply to the brine transducer: sends sound waves to the body
34
echocardiography
images of heart to check problems related to stroke ultrasound across chest (transthoracic) may use transoesophageal
35
cerebral angiogram
uncommonly used catheter inserted through small incision in groin guided through blood vessels, dye injected to make blood vessels visible on x ray
36
swallow tests
performed after stroke teaspoons of water given to drink, if successful then half a glass any difficulty then referred to a SALT for detailed assessment may need to administer fluids IV
37
when would you complete a neurological examination
blurry vision change in behaviour seizures weakness tremor slurred speech changes in balance/coordination numbness/ tingling in arms/ legs
38
different treatment options for stroke
thrombolysis thombectomy anti-platelet medications haemorrhagic stroke treatments
39
thromboylsis
uses alteplase or recombinant tissue plasminogen activator (rt-PA) can brea down and disperse a clot that is preventing blood reaching the brain needs to be within 4-5 hours of stroke onset
40
when do you not use thrombolysis
brain bleed don't know onset time don't reach hospital in time bleeding disorder recent major surgeries stroke/ head injury in last 3 months current medication isn't compatible with alteplase
41
thrombectomy
removes brain clot mesh device into artery in groin and move it to the brain and pull the clot out only works if clot is in a large artery must be within hours of the stroke onset small amount of cases eligible
42
anti-platelet medications
aspirin, clopidogrel, ticagrelor prevent blood clot formation and reduce risk of recurrent strokes within 24 hours of an ischaemic stroke
43
hemorrhagic stroke treatments
may be given medication for hypertension if not on anti-coagulants: given medication to reverse effects and reduce bleeding due to burst aneurysm: surgical procedure to repair blood vessel, also reduce pressure caused by fluid build-up nimodipine: avoid further brain damage due to lack of blood supply
44
long term effects of stroke, physical
vision problems hearing problems speech and language swallowing/ dysphagia cognitive dysfunction continence problems neuropathic/ musculoskeletal pain increased risk for vascular dementia emotional functioning and personality changes locked in syndrome sexual dysfunction increased risk of future strokes recurrent seizures kidney problems loss of muscle movement/ paralysis
45
emotional affect of stroke
depression anxiety anger confidence motivation
46
how can impacts of stroke be managed
psychologists occupational therapists physiotherapy psychiatrist rehabilitation nurses social workers family support carers speech and language therapists
47
how much of the body's blood oxygen supply goes to the brain
1/5th
48
circle of willis
anastomotic circular network supplies the brainstem with oxygenated blood
49
blood supply to the cerebellar
superior, anterior inferior and posterior inferior cerebellar arteries
50
cranial nerves and their foramina: olfactory
cribriform plate in the ethmoid bone
51
cranial nerves and their foramina: optic
optic canal in the sphenoid bone
52
cranial nerves and their foramina: oculomotor
superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone
53
cranial nerves and their foramina: trochlear
superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone
54
cranial nerves and their foramina: trigeminal
foramen ovale in the sphenoid bone
55
cranial nerves and their foramina: abducens
superior orbital fissure in the sphenoid bone
56
cranial nerves and their foramina: facial
facial canal in the temporal bone
57
cranial nerves and their foramina: vestibulocochlear
internal acoustic meatus in the temporal bone
58
cranial nerves and their foramina: glossopharyngeal
jugular foramen
59
cranial nerves and their foramina: vagus
jugular foramen
60
cranial nerves and their foramina: accessory
jugular foramen between the occipital and temporal bones
61
cranial nerves and their foramina: hypoglossal
hypoglossal canal in the occipital bone
62
brocas area
important part of language formation even if someone has the motor ability to form the sounds necessary for words brooks area is necessary to form and express language
63
angular gyrus
assembles information to help us understand words and concepts
64
wernickes area
works with angular gyrus, insular cortex and basal ganglia to process words and word sequences to determine context and meaning
65
insular cortex
underneath the outer lobes of the cerebral cortex important for many functions including motor control, emotion and self-awareness but also important in the processing of language
66
dysphasia
language part of the brain is damaged
67
dysarthria
muscle weakness slurred speech, quiet voice
68
apraxia
can't move facial muscles

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups (21 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions