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Medicine: PBL wrap-ups > Unit 3 Case 3: Influenza > Flashcards

Unit 3 Case 3: Influenza Flashcards

(63 cards)

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1
Q

virus of flu

A

influenza

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2
Q

virus of common cold

A

rhinoviruses
parainfluenza
seasonal coronaviruses

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3
Q

primary infection

A

first time body is exposed to and infected by a pathogen

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4
Q

secondary infection

A

when a primary infection has made a person more susceptible to disease

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5
Q

how can someone become more susceptible to disease

A

changes to immune system
comprised skin
consequences of treatment

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6
Q

changes to immune system

A

diseases can lower the immune systems ability to fight off harmful pathogens

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7
Q

comprised skin

A

skin infections can compromise the skins ability to act as a barrier especially when breaks or sores, can act as entry points for new infections

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8
Q

consequences of treatment

A

common with antibiotics
can kill good bacteria aswell as harmful bacteria

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9
Q

examples of secondary infections

A

pneumonia

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10
Q

symptoms of flu

A

sudden high temperature
aching
fatigue
dry cough
sore throat
headache
difficulty sleeping
loss of appetite

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11
Q

emergency flu symptoms

A

difficulty breathing
chest pain
dizziness
seizures
worsening of existing conditions
severe muscle pain
dehydration
pale grey or blue skin

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12
Q

sneezing mechanism

A

stimulation of trigeminal sensory nerves in the nasal epithelium
triggers sneeze centre in the medulla to trigger reflex activation of nasal and lacrimal glands
causes rhinorrhoea
facial muscles cause closure of eyes and grimace
respiratory muscles cause inspiration followed by explosive expiration

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13
Q

coughing mechanism

A

aspiration of food or fluid in the airway and stimulates sensory receptors supplied by vagus nerve
cough associated with URTIs caused by hyper-reactivity of the response and cough occurs spontaneously
cough can also be initiated and inhibited by voluntary control, indicating some control of cough from cerebral cortex

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14
Q

fever and chills mechanism

A

fever caused bycytokine released from macrophages and other immune cells
cytokines may act on vagal nerve endings or enter the brain to cause resetting of temperature control centre in hypothalamus
hypothalamus causes shivering and constriction of skin blood vessels and initiates sensation of chilliness perceived at level of cerebral cortex

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15
Q

lifestyle treatments of flu

A

rest and sleep
stay hydrated
pain relievers
keep warm

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16
Q

prescription treatments of flu

A

oseltamivir, orally
zanamivir, inhaled
peramivir, intravenous
baloxivir, orally

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17
Q

when are anti-viral drugs prescribed to patients with influenza

A

if hospitalised
severe/complicated/progressed illness
higher risk for flu

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18
Q

antigenic drift

A

consists of small mutations in the genes of influenza virus that can lead to changes of surface proteins HA and NA
HA and NA are antigens recognised by immune system

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19
Q

what is HA

A

hemagglutinin

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20
Q

what is NA

A

neuraminidase

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21
Q

antigenic shift

A

abrupt major change in flu A virus
resulting in new HA/ new HA and NA proteins

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22
Q

why do we need annual flu vaccines

A

due to antigenic drift and shift
new variants means older vaccines will be less effective

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23
Q

6 types of vaccines

A

live-attenuated
inactivated
subunit, recombinant, polisaccaride and conjugate
toxoid
mRNA
viral vector

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24
Q

live attenuated

A

use weakened form of germ that causes disease
life long immunity as they create strong and long-lasting immune response
chicken pox/small pox

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25
inactivated vaccines
used to kill the version of the germ that causes the disease don't provide immunity like live vaccines so require several doses over a Long period of time flu vaccine
26
subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate
target specific pieces of the germ to create an immune response such as capsid or proteins or sugars provides long term immunity as it used specific part s
27
toxoid vaccines
target specific part of the germ which makes toxin with chemicals and inactivates the toxin toxoid= inactivated toxin
28
mRNA vaccines
mRNA in vaccines make proteins to trigger immune response covid-19
29
viral vector
use modified version of different virus as vector to deliver instructions for making antigens
30
different types of flu vaccines
standard dose flu shots cell-based flu shots recombinant flu shot egg-based high dose flu shot egg-based adjuvanted flu shot egg-based live attenuated flu nasal spray vaccine
31
standard dose flu shot
given using virus grown in eggs
32
cell-based flu shot
given as virus grown in cell culture
33
recombinant flu shot
made using recombinant technology
34
egg-based high dose flu shot
contains 4x more antigens than standard dose
35
egg-based adjuvanted flu shot
made using adjuvant
36
egg-based live attenuated flu nasal spray vaccine q
made with weakened live flu viruses
37
what does adjuvant do
helps create stronger immune response
38
mechanism of action of the flu vaccine
administration vaccine triggers immune system to create antibodies against surface portion on specific strain of flu surface proteins such as HA have two structural parts, head and the stalk and different vaccines target either the head or the stalk
39
what is asthma
common chronic lung disease in which the bronchial tubes are inflamed causes the airways to become sensitive to environmental triggers
40
symptoms of asthma
shortness of breath chest tightness or pain wheezing when exhaling
41
types of asthma
intermittent persistent
42
what is an asthma attack
when symptoms get much worse
43
signs of an asthma attack k
worsening of symptoms reliever inhaler isn't working too breathless to speak, eat or sleep peak flow score is lower than normal
44
what can occur during an asthma attack
bronchospasm inflammation mucus production
45
effect of flu on asthma
when you gave flu airways are more fin lamed and mucus production is increased less room for air to get through harder to breathe triggers asthma symptoms
46
what is type 1 hypersensitivity
exaggerated response to an antigen or allergen most widely known type of allergic reaction and includes anaphylaxis
47
what is anaphylaxis
where body reacts t stimulus or allergen leading to swelling of airways and cardiovascular and other organ system effects
48
when does anaphylaxis occur
when IgE recognises foreign antigen and attaches itself to it activates chain of reactions that result in the widespread release of chemicals, including histamine
49
drugs used in the case
oseltamivir and paracetamol
50
chemistry of oseltamivir
antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor (glycoprotein on virus surface) pro drug of active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate
51
clinical oseltamivir
used tot treat and prevent infection of influenza A and B
52
oseltamivir brand name
tamiflu
53
side effects oseltamivir
D&V nausea dizziness dry/itchy eyes dry skin dry mouth
54
oseltamivir mechanism of action
virus infects host cells tries to bud off from plasma membrane to infect other cells virus remains on host cell by sialic acid receptors on host membranes as needs neuraminidase to cleave sialic acid receptors oseltamivir mimics sialic acid binding site so binds to neuraminidase on virus blocks neuraminidase from cleaving sialic acid receptors prevents virus spreading to infect other cells so it dies
55
oseltamivir physiology
viral neuraminidase enzyme activity is important for viral entry into unaffected cells for release of recently formed viral particles from infected cells and for further spread of infectious virus in the body decreases viral shedding and infectivity
56
chemistry of paracetamol
analgesic drug (pain management) antipyretic agent (reduces fever)
57
clinical paracetamol
acetaminophen another name no anti-inflammatory effects overdose= liver failure due to NAPQI accumulation causes hepatocellular necrosis
58
side effects paracetamol
very few allergic reaction low blood pressure
59
mechanism of action of paracetamol
categorised alongside NSAIDS as it weakly inhibits cyclooxygenase pathways increases pain threshold by inhibiting central COX1 and 2 enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis reduces prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the thermoregulatory region of hypothalamus, controlling fever has a specificity for COX2 rather than COX1 doesn't inhibit COX in peripheral tissues so no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects antipyretic actions due to drugs direct action on heat-regulating centres in brain result in peripheral vasodilation, sweating,losss of body heat
60
NSAIDS
non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs
61
COX
cyclooxygenase
62
what does COX1 do
isoform involved in protecting gastric mucosa and regulating blood flow and clotting
63
what does COX 2 do
isoform induced in inflammation

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups (21 decks)

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