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Medicine: PBL wrap-ups > Unit 3 Case 3: Influenza > Flashcards

Unit 3 Case 3: Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

virus of flu

A

influenza

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2
Q

virus of common cold

A

rhinoviruses
parainfluenza
seasonal coronaviruses

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3
Q

primary infection

A

first time body is exposed to and infected by a pathogen

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4
Q

secondary infection

A

when a primary infection has made a person more susceptible to disease

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5
Q

how can someone become more susceptible to disease

A

changes to immune system
comprised skin
consequences of treatment

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6
Q

changes to immune system

A

diseases can lower the immune systems ability to fight off harmful pathogens

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7
Q

comprised skin

A

skin infections can compromise the skins ability to act as a barrier especially when breaks or sores, can act as entry points for new infections

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8
Q

consequences of treatment

A

common with antibiotics
can kill good bacteria aswell as harmful bacteria

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9
Q

examples of secondary infections

A

pneumonia

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10
Q

symptoms of flu

A

sudden high temperature
aching
fatigue
dry cough
sore throat
headache
difficulty sleeping
loss of appetite

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11
Q

emergency flu symptoms

A

difficulty breathing
chest pain
dizziness
seizures
worsening of existing conditions
severe muscle pain
dehydration
pale grey or blue skin

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12
Q

sneezing mechanism

A

stimulation of trigeminal sensory nerves in the nasal epithelium
triggers sneeze centre in the medulla to trigger reflex activation of nasal and lacrimal glands
causes rhinorrhoea
facial muscles cause closure of eyes and grimace
respiratory muscles cause inspiration followed by explosive expiration

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13
Q

coughing mechanism

A

aspiration of food or fluid in the airway and stimulates sensory receptors supplied by vagus nerve
cough associated with URTIs caused by hyper-reactivity of the response and cough occurs spontaneously
cough can also be initiated and inhibited by voluntary control, indicating some control of cough from cerebral cortex

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14
Q

fever and chills mechanism

A

fever caused bycytokine released from macrophages and other immune cells
cytokines may act on vagal nerve endings or enter the brain to cause resetting of temperature control centre in hypothalamus
hypothalamus causes shivering and constriction of skin blood vessels and initiates sensation of chilliness perceived at level of cerebral cortex

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15
Q

lifestyle treatments of flu

A

rest and sleep
stay hydrated
pain relievers
keep warm

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16
Q

prescription treatments of flu

A

oseltamivir, orally
zanamivir, inhaled
peramivir, intravenous
baloxivir, orally

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17
Q

when are anti-viral drugs prescribed to patients with influenza

A

if hospitalised
severe/complicated/progressed illness
higher risk for flu

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18
Q

antigenic drift

A

consists of small mutations in the genes of influenza virus that can lead to changes of surface proteins HA and NA
HA and NA are antigens recognised by immune system

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19
Q

what is HA

A

hemagglutinin

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20
Q

what is NA

A

neuraminidase

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21
Q

antigenic shift

A

abrupt major change in flu A virus
resulting in new HA/ new HA and NA proteins

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22
Q

why do we need annual flu vaccines

A

due to antigenic drift and shift
new variants means older vaccines will be less effective

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23
Q

6 types of vaccines

A

live-attenuated
inactivated
subunit, recombinant, polisaccaride and conjugate
toxoid
mRNA
viral vector

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24
Q

live attenuated

A

use weakened form of germ that causes disease
life long immunity as they create strong and long-lasting immune response
chicken pox/small pox

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25
Q

inactivated vaccines

A

used to kill the version of the germ that causes the disease
don’t provide immunity like live vaccines so require several doses over a Long period of time
flu vaccine

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26
Q

subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate

A

target specific pieces of the germ to create an immune response
such as capsid or proteins or sugars
provides long term immunity as it used specific part s

27
Q

toxoid vaccines

A

target specific part of the germ which makes toxin with chemicals and inactivates the toxin
toxoid= inactivated toxin

28
Q

mRNA vaccines

A

mRNA in vaccines make proteins to trigger immune response
covid-19

29
Q

viral vector

A

use modified version of different virus as vector to deliver instructions for making antigens

30
Q

different types of flu vaccines

A

standard dose flu shots
cell-based flu shots
recombinant flu shot
egg-based high dose flu shot
egg-based adjuvanted flu shot
egg-based live attenuated flu nasal spray vaccine

31
Q

standard dose flu shot

A

given using virus grown in eggs

32
Q

cell-based flu shot

A

given as virus grown in cell culture

33
Q

recombinant flu shot

A

made using recombinant technology

34
Q

egg-based high dose flu shot

A

contains 4x more antigens than standard dose

35
Q

egg-based adjuvanted flu shot

A

made using adjuvant

36
Q

egg-based live attenuated flu nasal spray vaccine q

A

made with weakened live flu viruses

37
Q

what does adjuvant do

A

helps create stronger immune response

38
Q

mechanism of action of the flu vaccine

A

administration
vaccine triggers immune system to create antibodies against surface portion on specific strain of flu
surface proteins such as HA
have two structural parts, head and the stalk and different vaccines target either the head or the stalk

39
Q

what is asthma

A

common chronic lung disease in which the bronchial tubes are inflamed
causes the airways to become sensitive to environmental triggers

40
Q

symptoms of asthma

A

shortness of breath
chest tightness or pain
wheezing when exhaling

41
Q

types of asthma

A

intermittent
persistent

42
Q

what is an asthma attack

A

when symptoms get much worse

43
Q

signs of an asthma attack k

A

worsening of symptoms
reliever inhaler isn’t working
too breathless to speak, eat or sleep
peak flow score is lower than normal

44
Q

what can occur during an asthma attack

A

bronchospasm
inflammation
mucus production

45
Q

effect of flu on asthma

A

when you gave flu airways are more fin lamed and mucus production is increased
less room for air to get through
harder to breathe
triggers asthma symptoms

46
Q

what is type 1 hypersensitivity

A

exaggerated response to an antigen or allergen
most widely known type of allergic reaction and includes anaphylaxis

47
Q

what is anaphylaxis

A

where body reacts t stimulus or allergen
leading to swelling of airways and cardiovascular and other organ system effects

48
Q

when does anaphylaxis occur

A

when IgE recognises foreign antigen and attaches itself to it
activates chain of reactions that result in the widespread release of chemicals, including histamine

49
Q

drugs used in the case

A

oseltamivir and paracetamol

50
Q

chemistry of oseltamivir

A

antiviral neuraminidase inhibitor (glycoprotein on virus surface)
pro drug of active metabolite oseltamivir carboxylate

51
Q

clinical oseltamivir

A

used tot treat and prevent infection of influenza A and B

52
Q

oseltamivir brand name

A

tamiflu

53
Q

side effects oseltamivir

A

D&V
nausea
dizziness
dry/itchy eyes
dry skin
dry mouth

54
Q

oseltamivir mechanism of action

A

virus infects host cells
tries to bud off from plasma membrane to infect other cells
virus remains on host cell by sialic acid receptors on host membranes as needs neuraminidase to cleave sialic acid receptors
oseltamivir mimics sialic acid binding site so binds to neuraminidase on virus
blocks neuraminidase from cleaving sialic acid receptors
prevents virus spreading to infect other cells
so it dies

55
Q

oseltamivir physiology

A

viral neuraminidase enzyme activity is important for viral entry into unaffected cells for release of recently formed viral particles from infected cells
and for further spread of infectious virus in the body
decreases viral shedding and infectivity

56
Q

chemistry of paracetamol

A

analgesic drug (pain management)
antipyretic agent (reduces fever)

57
Q

clinical paracetamol

A

acetaminophen another name
no anti-inflammatory effects
overdose= liver failure due to NAPQI accumulation causes hepatocellular necrosis

58
Q

side effects paracetamol

A

very few
allergic reaction
low blood pressure

59
Q

mechanism of action of paracetamol

A

categorised alongside NSAIDS as it weakly inhibits cyclooxygenase pathways
increases pain threshold by inhibiting central COX1 and 2 enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis
reduces prostaglandin E2 concentrations in the thermoregulatory region of hypothalamus, controlling fever
has a specificity for COX2 rather than COX1
doesn’t inhibit COX in peripheral tissues so no peripheral anti-inflammatory effects
antipyretic actions due to drugs direct action on heat-regulating centres in brain result in peripheral vasodilation, sweating,losss of body heat

60
Q

NSAIDS

A

non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs

61
Q

COX

A

cyclooxygenase

62
Q

what does COX1 do

A

isoform involved in protecting gastric mucosa and regulating blood flow and clotting

63
Q

what does COX 2 do

A

isoform induced in inflammation

Medicine: PBL wrap-ups (21 decks)

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