Unit 2-Cell Cycle, Protein Synthesis, DNA

Question 1

codon

Answer 1

series of 3 bases in a strand of DNA or mRNA; codes for an amino acid

Question 2

anticodon

Answer 2

series of 3 bases in a strand of tRNA

Question 3

mitosis

Answer 3

process by which the nucleus of a cell is divided into two nuclei, each with the same number of chromosomes

Question 4

cytokinesis

Answer 4

process where a cells cytoplasm is divided; happens at the end of telophase

Question 5

spindle fiber

Answer 5

football shaped structure that aides in the movement of chromosomes

Question 6

cell division

Answer 6

process that makes two distinct identical cells

Question 7

sister chromatids

Answer 7

one of two distinct strands that make up a chromosome

Question 8

centromere

Answer 8

structure that holds together pairs of chromatids

Question 9

replication

Answer 9

DNA makes a copy of itself; happens in the S-phase of interphase

Question 10

interphase

Answer 10

The time between cell divisions; not part of mitosis but is part of the cell cycle; divided into 3 parts- G1, S, and G2

Question 11

prophase

Answer 11

first phase of mitosis; chromosomes become visible, nuclear membrane disappears, spindle fibers form

Question 12

metaphase

Answer 12

2nd phase of mitosis; chromosomes line up across the equator (middle) of the cell

Question 13

anaphase

Answer 13

3rd phase of mitosis; centromeres split and separate and move toward opposite ends of the cell

Question 14

telophase

Answer 14

last phase of mitosis; nuclear membrane reforms, chromosomes unwind, spindle fibers dissappear

Question 15

cytosine

Answer 15

pairs with guanine; a nitrogenous base in DNA or RNA

Question 16

guanine

Answer 16

pairs with cytosine; a nitrogenous base in DNA or RNA

Question 17

adenine

Answer 17

pairs with thymine in DNA and uracil in RNA

Question 18

thymine

Answer 18

pairs with adenine in DNA (no T in RNA)

Question 19

uracil

Answer 19

pairs with adenine in RNA (no U in RNA)

Question 20

centriole

Answer 20

in animal cells only; aids in mitosis- organelle that produces the spindle fibers

Question 21

double helix

Answer 21

twisted ladder shape of DNA formed by 2 separate nucleotides

Question 22

nucleotide

Answer 22

monomer of a nucleic acid; made up of a sugar, a phosphate group and a base

Question 23

DNA

Answer 23

deoxyribonucleic acid

Question 24

mRNA

Answer 24

messenger RNA; copies info on a strand of DNA in the nucleus of a cell and takes it to the ribosome

Question 25

tRNA

Answer 25

transfer RNA; copies info from mRNA in the cytoplasm near the ribosome

Question 26

cell cycle

Answer 26

period of the beginning of one mitosis to the beginning of the next; includes interphase (G1,S,G2) and mitosis (IPMAT)

Question 27

cancer

Answer 27

a cell that isn't subject to normal cell cycle control mechanisms and will divide continuously

Question 28

chromatin

Answer 28

material in chromosomes that is composed of DNA and protein (called histone); long stringy strands of DNA

Question 29

base pairing

Answer 29

attraction between complementary nitrogenous bases

Question 30

G1 (growth phase 1 of interphase)

Answer 30

cell grows in size and carries on day to day life sustaining activities

Question 31

S (synthesis phase of interphase)

Answer 31

DNA replicates

Question 32

G2 (growth phase 2 of interphase)

Answer 32

cell grows in size & prepares to divide by duplicating its organelles

Question 33

point mutation

Answer 33

a change in a single base pair; usually only affects 1 amino acid; AKA substitution

Question 34

transcription

Answer 34

when mRNA is made by copying info from DNA in the nucleus of a cell

Question 35

intron

Answer 35

the portion of DNA that contains the heredity info; gets spliced out of the mRNA during transcription and stays IN the nucleus

Question 36

translation

Answer 36

when tRNA is made by copying info from mRNA; happens in the cytoplasm near the ribosome

Question 37

exon

Answer 37

the portion of DNA that codes for a protein; exits the nucleus on an mRNA strand

Question 38

frameshift mutation

Answer 38

an addition or deletion of a base in DNA; every amino acid after the mutation is affected

Question 39

histone

Answer 39

protein that DNA is wrapped around to make chromatin

Question 40

protein synthesis

Answer 40

process of making a protein by using the instructions on DNA; 3 steps- transcription, translation, and elongation

Question 41

amino acid

Answer 41

monomer of a protein; held together by peptide bonds

Question 42

ribosome

Answer 42

organelle made by the nucleolus that is the site of protein synthesis