Unit 2 - Cells and Organelles 2 Flashcards

2.4 Eukaryotic cell structure 2.5 The ultrastructure of plant cells 2.6 Prokaryotic & eukaryotic cells

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1
Q

Proteins are made…(where?)

A

Mainly at the ribosomes attached to the RER. These proteins are stored in the RER until they can be processed and packaged at the golgi apparatus. Some ribosomes are free in the cytoplasm and the proteins they produce also stay in the cytoplasm.

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2
Q

In the RER proteins are..

A

folded and processed, being modified in ways such as having sugar chains added.

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3
Q

Proteins are transported from the RER to the…

A

Golgi apparatus in vesicles.

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4
Q

At the Golgi apparatus the proteins…

A

undergo further processing where sugar chains are trimmed or more are added.

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5
Q

Proteins are transported in/out/around cells in…

A

vesicles.

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6
Q

Secretory cells, which release hormones or enzymes, have more…

A

rough endoplasmic reticulum than cells that do not release proteins.

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7
Q

Proteins may be stored…(in which organelle?)

A

in the rough endoplasmic reticulum until they are needed by the Golgi apparatus

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8
Q

The cytoskeleton is made of which three components:

A
  1. Microfilaments - contractile fibres formed from the protein actin.
  2. Microtubules - globular tubulin proteins polymerised to form tubes that act as a scaffold structure determining the shape of a cell. Also act as tracks for the movements of organelles.
  3. Intermediate fibre - fibres that give mechanical strength to cells and help maintain their integrity.
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9
Q

Microtubules and microfilaments

A

Support the cell’s organelles keeping them in position,
strengthen the cell and help maintain it’s shape,
they’re responsible for the transport of organelles and materials within the cell.

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10
Q

Vacuole

A

Membrane lined sac in plant cells containing cell sap. Large permanent vacuoles as used to maintain turgor. The membrane of the vacuole is called the tonoplast. It is selectively permeable. if vacuoles appear in animal cells they are small and transient.

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11
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - cell size

A

Prokaryotic - extremely small, less than 2 µm diameter

Eukaryotic - Larger Cells, 2-200 µm diameter

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12
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Nucleus & DNA

A

Prokaryotic - No nucleus, DNA free in cytoplasm, DNA is circular, organised by proteins folding and condensing DNA.

Eukaryotic - Nucleus Present, DNA inside nucleus in form of chromosomes, DNA is Linear. Organised by DNA molecules associating with histones to form chromatin, which is condensed to form chromosomes.

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13
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Extra chromosomal DNA

A

Prokaryotic - found in plasmids

Eukaryotic - found in chloroplasts and mitochondria

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14
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Organelles

A

Prokaryotic - non-membrane bound

Eukaryotic - both non-membrane bound and membrane bound

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15
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Cell wall

A

Prokaryotic - peptidoglycan

Eukaryotic - chitin in fungi, cellulose in plants

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16
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Ribosomes

A

Prokaryotic - smaller, 70S

Eukaryotic - larger, 80S

17
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Cystoskeleton

A

Prokaryotic - present but basic

Eukaryotic - present, more complex (microfilaments, microtubules, & intermediate fibres)

18
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Reproduction

A

Prokaryotic - binary fission

Eukaryotic - asexual or sexual

19
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Cell type

A

Prokaryotic - unicellular

Eukaryotic - unicellular or multicellular

20
Q

Prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic - Cell membrane

A

Present in both