UNIT 2: clinical relevance - heart

Question 1

what is pericarditis?

Answer 1

inflammation of pericardium - produces friction rub

Question 2

what is pericardial effusion?

Answer 2

abnormal accumulation of fluid in pericaridial cavity

Question 3

what is the term when the heart is enlarged?

Answer 3

cardiomegaly

Question 4

what is the condition when the heart is compressed?

Answer 4

cardiac tamponade due to inelastic pericardium - cannot expand fully

Question 5

what are the two most common defects in the heart and how are they caused?

Answer 5

atrial septal defect - incomplete closure of oval foramen
ventricular septal defect - membranous part of iv septum grow separate to muscular part
- left to right shunt of blood = hypertension

Question 6

what are the main two types of valvular heart disease?

Answer 6

• stenosis (valve does not open)

- insufficiency/regurgitation (valve not closed completely)

Question 7

what could be happen if there is an obstruction of blood to inferior parts of the body?

Answer 7

coarctation of aorta = stenosis in arch of aorta

Question 8

where are the four main sites of auscultation?

Answer 8

• aortic valve - 2nd intercostal space right of sternal border
• pulmonary valve - 2nd intercostal space right of sternal border
• tricuspid valve - left sternal border in 5/6th intercostal space
• mitral valve - apex of heart in 5th intercostal space (in midclavicular line)