Unit 2 Data

Question 1

shorthand for a single binary digit and is either 0 or 1

Answer 1

bit

Question 2

8 bits

Answer 2

byte

Question 3

_________ can be used to represent all __________; anything stored on a computer

Answer 3

binary sequences, digital data

Question 4

6 bits

Answer 4

pixel

Question 5

________ are grouped to represent _________. ——— the process of simplifying complex information by focusing on essential details while hiding or ignoring irrelevant ones

Answer 5

bits, abstractions

Question 6

Abstractions help reference a prior set of directions to repeat the same outcome without having to _______________

Answer 6

rewrite the same code

Question 7

_________ contain the most abstractions

Answer 7

high level languages

Question 8

___________ values that change smoothly over time; rather than in discrete intervals; continuous

Answer 8

analog signal

Question 9

_______ an analog single that has been broken up into steps; discrete

Answer 9

digital signal

Question 10

________ can approximate analog data by using __________

Answer 10

digital data, samples

Question 11

________ measuring values of the analog signal at regular intervals; are measured to find out the bits required

Answer 11

sample

Question 12

smaller sample rate -» ______________

Answer 12

more accurately the digital represents the analog signal

Question 13

________ an abstraction inside a program that can hold a value

Answer 13

variable

Question 14

__________ not large enough to store data

Answer 14

overflow error

Question 15

the size of numbers is only limited to the size of the computer’s _________-

Answer 15

memory

Question 16

How to convert BIN to DEC?

Answer 16

1. write out 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
2. put the digits below
3. multiply the digits below
4. add all

Question 17

How to convert DEC to BIN?

Answer 17

1. write out 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64, 128
2. go until you can subtract
   ex: if 14-16 then put a zero
3. put a zero on those that cannot subtract and a 1 for those that can

Question 18

_______ occurs when DEC are rounded. ex: 1/3 does not equal 0.33

Answer 18

roundoff error

Question 19

________ reducing the size (# of bits) of transmitted or stored data.

fewer bits DOES NOT EQUAL less info

Answer 19

data compression

Question 20

Charateristics of Lossy Data

Answer 20

• significantly reduced
• decreases resolution
• not recover the original file
• data will be lost
• better for storage and transmissions

Question 21

Characteristics of Lossless Data

Answer 21

• not data lost
• original file can be produced without loss
• can be difficult to store, transfer, handle
• used in situations where the ability to fully reconstruct is important

Question 22

Data set challenges regardless of size:
- ______
- _______
- ________
- the need to combine data sources

Answer 22

need to clean data
incomplete data
invalid data

Question 23

_________ uses historical data to predict; uses information collected from big data to influence our daily lives
ex: social media uses patterns to target advertising

Answer 23

predicting algorithms

Question 24

content of data may contain __________. Identity theft is becoming very common
_______ when people are tricked into sharing personal info

Answer 24

personal information, phishing

Question 25

_______ data that describes your data; changing this does not change the primary data. ex: location, time, filename

Answer 25

metadata

Question 26

meta data is used to increase the _______________

Answer 26

effective use of data by providing additional info

Question 27

_______ a repeated process, how computer code is processed

Answer 27

iterative

Question 28

combining data sources is part of the process of using computers to process info. if there is not enough _________ it will not be able to run the program; with ________ ------- is a factor.

Answer 28

memory, large data

Question 29

___________ are more susceptible to attackers because there are a lot of ways in

Answer 29

large data sets

Question 30

________ serves to protect data.

Answer 30

encryption

Question 31

formula to find max numbers: formula to find largest number: IF NUMBER IS LARGER THEN IT WILL RESULT IN AN OVERFLOW ERROR

Answer 31

2^x 2^x-1 x = number of bits

Question 32

_________ allow each object to be given certain properties

Answer 32

parameters

Question 33

__________ need to work with low level languages because the computer can only understand ____________

Answer 33

high-level, binary

Question 34

a computer can be a high level abstraction for all the parts that encompass it. ________ an electric of physical signal that varies continuously over time, representing some other quantity

Answer 34

analog signal

Question 35

A computer can only function from _____________. _________ - a signal that can represent an analog signal at discrete(individually) amplitudes

Answer 35

digital data, digital signal

Question 36

What does the binary search algorithm start with?

Answer 36

The middle of a sorted data set of numbers or strings in alphabetical order

Question 37

What does the binary search algorithm eliminate?

Answer 37

Half of the data

Question 38

What is required for the binary search algorithm to work?

Answer 38

Data must be in sorted order

Question 39

How does binary search compare to sequential linear search?

Answer 39

Binary search is often more efficient when applied to sorted data

Question 40

What are the lowest level components of any value in binary?

Answer 40

Bits

Question 41

What values do bits represent in binary?

Answer 41

0 and 1

Question 42

How many bits are in one byte?

Answer 42

8 bits

Question 43

What is the range of values that can be represented in 8 bits?

Answer 43

0-255

Question 44

What is the binary representation of the decimal number 204?

Answer 44

11001100

Question 45

What is the decimal number system range?

Answer 45

0-9

Question 46

What process is used to convert decimal to binary?

Answer 46

List the numbers from right to left and subtract accordingly

Question 47

What is the purpose of data compression?

Answer 47

To reduce the size (number of bits) of transmitted or stored data

Question 48

Does fewer bits always mean less information?

Answer 48

No

Question 49

What are the two types of data compression algorithms?

Answer 49

* Lossless * Lossy

Question 50

What does lossless data compression guarantee?

Answer 50

Complete reconstruction of the original data

Question 51

What does lossy data compression allow?

Answer 51

Reconstruction of an approximation of the original data

Question 52

What are metadata?

Answer 52

Data about data

Question 53

Give an example of metadata.

Answer 53

Date of creation or file size of an image

Question 54

What does cleaning data involve?

Answer 54

Making the data uniform without changing their meaning

Question 55

What is scalability in the context of data?

Answer 55

The ability to change in size

Question 56

Why are large data sets difficult to process?

Answer 56

They may contain overlapping names/data

Question 57

What is a common problem caused by the type or source of data collected?

Answer 57

Bias

Question 58

in situations where quality or ability to reconstruct the original is maximally important _____________ is chosen

Answer 58

lossless compression

Question 59

in situations where minimizing data size or transmission time is maximally important, ____________ is chosen

Answer 59

lossy compression

Question 60

A correlation found in data does not necessarily indicate a relationship. _______ is needed to understand the exact nature of the relationship

Answer 60

additional research

Question 61

the process of accessing each item in a list one at a time

Answer 61

traversal