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Microbiology And Immunology 2 > Unit 2 - Immune Disorders > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Immune Disorders Flashcards

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0
Q

What is a hyper sensitivity or allergic reaction

A

The immune system over reacts to foreign invaders by producing too many antibiotics or other chemicals

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1
Q

What is an auto immune disorder

A

Sometimes the immune system identifies parts of its own body as foreign and attacks them.

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2
Q

What is immuno suppression

A

When the immune system does not react or cannot generate an appropriate immune response

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3
Q

What are the three types of immune disorders

A

Hypersensitivity, immune deficiencies, immunoproliferative disorders

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4
Q

What are the two types of hypersensitivity reaction

A

Allergic reaction, auto immune disease

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5
Q

What is hypersensitivity

A

Antigenic response beyond what is considered normal. Animal is sensitized to an antigen if exposed to that antigen again the immune system reacts in a damaging manner.

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6
Q

What are the four types of hypersensitivity

A

Type one, type two, type III, type 4

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7
Q

What is a type one hypersensitivity reaction

A

Anaphylactic shock

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8
Q

What is a type 2 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cytotoxic

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9
Q

What is a type III hypersensitivity reaction

A

Immune complex

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10
Q

What is a type 4 hypersensitivity reaction

A

Cell mediated or delayed hypersensitivity

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11
Q

Describe an anaphylactic reaction

A

Allergic reaction provoked by reexposure to a specific Allergan. Exposure may be by ingestion, inhalation, injection, direct contact.

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12
Q

What is the treatment for an anaphylactic reaction

A

Epinephrine, antihistamines, corticosteroids

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13
Q

Describe the sensitization form of an anaphylactic reaction

A

An antigen is presented to helper T cells that stimulate the B cell production of ige antibodies specific to the antigen. Ige antibodies bind to the FC receptors on the surface of mast cells and basophils. Mast cells and basophils coated with ige become sensitized

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14
Q

Describe the. Second exposure form of an anaphylactic reaction

A

He antigen combines with two IGE antibodies on sensitized cells. Degranulation and secretion of histamines, prostaglandins and some other chemicals. Vasodilation of blood vessels and smooth muscle contraction

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15
Q

What is a systemic anaphylactic reaction

A

If antigen appears in blood, the result can be either anaphylactic shock or more localized reaction

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16
Q

What is a localized anaphylactic reaction

A

If Antigen enters to the skin, is ingested or inhaled the localized reaction is typical.

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17
Q

What is anaphylactic shock

A

Rare, life-threatening, immediate allergic reaction to food, and injection, and insect sting. Signs include severe respiratory distress and the sudden onset of diarrhea, vomiting, excessive drooling, shock, seizures, coma, death. Animals gums are very pale and the limbs are cold. Heart rate is fast but post is weak.

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18
Q

How do you counteract an anaphylactic reaction

A

IV injections of epinephrine is administered to counteract the reaction. Treatment for other associated problems such as difficulty breathing may be needed.

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19
Q

What is hives or urticaria

A

Allergic reaction to drugs, chemicals, something eaten, insect bites, sunlight. Develops within 20 minutes of exposure to allergens

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20
Q

Describe hives

A

These severe type of anaphylactic reaction. Small bumps occur on the skin. Often the hair stands up over the swellings and sometimes they itch

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21
Q

Describe facial swelling

A

Most often noticed on the face especially on the lips, the muzzle, around the eyes. Usually not life-threatening. Give antihistamines and corticosteroids

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22
Q

What is allergic asthma

A

Most often in cats. Occurs more frequently in summer and after going outdoors. Asthma attacks can be moderate or lengthy and severe

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23
Q

Describe the signs of allergic asthma

A

Coughing, shortness of breath, mouth breathing, breathing with abdominal efforts. This conviction occurs as a result of construction of the breathing passages triggered by the release of compounds such as histamines that combat allergens

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24
What is the treatment for allergic asthma
Oral or inhaled corticosteroids but they do not treat the underlying cause of the asthma. Determining allergic trigger can be difficult
25
What's one warning about cats with asthma attacks
Decompensation and stress can be fatal to them, may need sedation before procedures like radiographs
26
Describe the type 2 cytotoxic reaction
Activation of complement by combination of IgG or I GM to antigenic cell equals cell lysis.further damage can be caused by macrophages that will attack the antibody coated cells.
27
What triggers the antibody antigen complex
Unclear. May be associated with other immune system disturbances or triggered by a drug, vaccine, infection. Most often trigger cannot be pinpointed
28
Describe a type 3 immune complex reaction
Antigen antibody complexes are deposited in organs and cause inflammatory damage. Most commonly affected sites include joints, skin, lungs, kidneys, brain
29
What is glomerulonephritis
Inflammation of the glomera life of the kidney. Develops when immune complexes become trapped in the glomera light which activate inflammatory response and damages the glomeruli. Results in protein loss in urine
30
What is the treatment for glomerular nephritis
Immunosuppressive drugs to reduce the formation of immune complexes. If left untreated leads to chronic kidney failure
31
What is vasculitis
Inflammation of the blood vessels
32
What is anterior uveitis
Inflammation of eye and immune complexes deposition on iris
33
Summarize type one, two and three hypersensitivities
Involve the humeral immune responses including IGE, IgG, IGM
34
Summarize type four hypersensitivity reaction
Cell mediated responses under caused mainly by T cells
35
What is type four hypersensitivity reaction considered
Delayed type hypersensitivity were reactions are not apparent for a day or more
36
What accounts for the delay in time for a type four hypersensitivity
Time required for T cells and macrophages to migrate and accumulate near the foreign antigens
37
How does sensitization occur
When foreign antigens are phagocytised by macrophages and are presented to receptors on T cells. T cells proliferate into mature T cells and memory cells.
38
What happens when an animal sensitized to an antigen is exposed to the same antigen
Memory cells activated T cells which release destructive cytokines. The cytokines attract macrophages
39
What is contact dermatitis
Absorption of Allergan through skin. Allergens react with skin proteins and modify them. Skin proteins are no perceived as foreign. Body produces cell mediated response and causes skin damage.
40
Why does contact dermatitis occur
Occurs as a result of contact with sensitizing chemicals in plastic food dishes, plastic callers, flea collars, drugs placed on skin, finishes from carpets, cleaning agents, pollen, grass, weeds
41
What happens when the animal gets contact dermatitis
Erruption of papules, generalized erythema, crusting of the skin, hair loss, hyperpigmentation, thickening of the skin
42
What is keratoconjunctivitis Sicca caused by
An immune reaction destroys the tear glands. An occurrence and dogs with a genetic predisposition. Treat with Prescription eyedrops that contains cyclosporin which inhibits the immune response
43
What is old dog encephalitis
Chronic brain inflammation
44
What is autoimmune thyroiditis
Immune mediated disease that destroys the thyroid gland
45
What is autoimmune adrenalitus
Caused by infiltration of immune cells into the adrenal gland. This causes the destruction of the glands and may lead to the signs of Addison's disease
46
What is flea allergic dermatitis
Development of hypersensitivity reaction and skin lesions in response to flea salivary antigens. Repeated exposure to flea salivary antigens induce hypersensitivities one and four. When reoccurring or persistent may become more intense and be triggered with progressively less antigen.
47
What are the symptoms of flea allergic dermatitis
Acute onset of moderate to severe pruritis. Varying degree of alopecia, erythema, excoriations. In cats causes excessive grooming and vomiting hairballs
48
What is the treatment for flea allergic dermatitis
Revolution, advantage multi, advantage with or without capstar. Corticosteroids and antibiotics if necessary
49
What is a congenital immune deficiency and give an example
Born with a defective immune system. Nude or her list most has no thymus gland. Does not produce T cells and does not reject transplanted tissue
50
Describe an acquired immune deficiency
Maybe caused by drugs, cancers, infectious agents. Many viruses are capable of infecting and killing lymphocytes which lower the immune response such as parvovirus pan leukopenia and fiv, felv. Removal of the spleen decreases the humeral response
51
How does the cell become cancerous
When it undergoes transformation and begins to proliferate without control. Initially the cancer is an individual cell that arises from mutations. Viral infection can also change it normal cell to a cancerous cell. Individual cancer cells are attacked.by the immune system. Once a cancer cell attaches to tissue and becomes vascularized develops rapidly into a tumor that becomes resistant to immune rejection
52
What is lymphoma
Systemic malignant neoplasm of lymphoid origin
53
What is a multicentric lymphoma distribution
Lymph nodes, spleen, liver.
54
What is an alimentary lymphoma distribution
Stomach, small intestine,Colon, rectum him
55
What is a mediastinal lymphoma distribution
Thymus, mediastinal and sternal lymph nodes
56
What are the other three places lymphomas can be found
Renal, spinal, nasal
57
Describe lymphoma in cats
Mostly gastrointestinal or renal. Typically cats of 7 to 13 years in age. Felv 62x times more likely. Fiv 5x times more likely. Infection are risk factors for developing a lymphoma. FeLV status influences age and anatomical location. FeLV and associated lymphoma is mostly in young cats. Mediastinal and spinal.
58
Described lymphoma and dogs
Mostly multicentric in the lymph nodes, spleen, liver. Typically middle-aged to older dogs
59
Which breeds are predisposed to lymphoma
Golden retrievers, boxers, Rottweilers, Bassett hound, cocker spaniels, bulldog poodle
60
How do you diagnose lymphoma
Fine needle aspiration of lymph node. Abdominal ultrasound plus fine needle aspiration of affected Organ. Thoracic radiographs. Laparotomy and biopsy
61
How do you treat lymphoma
Chemotherapy. Prognosis is variable depending on lymphocyte type. B cells have a better prognostic then T cell tumors, grade of disease, location.
62
Describe allergies to cats
Type one hypersensitivity and humans. Five cat allergens are described. Two major allergens are Fel D1 and Fel D4.
63
What is F EL D1 secreted by
The sebaceous glands of the cat
64
What is F EL D4 secreted by
The submandibular salivary gland and is deposited onto dander as the cat grooms itself
65
What are the symptoms of allergies to cats
Swollen, red, itchy and watery eyes. Nasal congestion, itchy nose, sneezing, itchy throat, coughing, wheezing
66
How do you cope with allergies
Clean carpets regularly, air purifier system, frequent handwashing, limit access to rooms
67
What can you do to the cat to help with the allergines
Bathing the cat regularly. Brushing to reduce amount of loose fur. Feeding the cat a high-quality diet with plenty of omega-3 fatty acids to keep a healthy coat.
68
Are hypoallergenic cats non allergenic
No. Less likely to provoke an allergic reaction. Very controversial
69
Which cats are considered hypoallergenic
Siberian cats, Devon Rex, Cornish Rex, Abyssinian, Bailey knees, Oriental shorthair, Russian blue
70
What some special things about allergens with gender and color
Female cats produce lower levels of allergens than males. Neutered males produce lower levels than for tile mills. Dark colored cats may produce more allergens than light colored cats

Microbiology And Immunology 2 (23 decks)

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