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Exercise Science 276 > Unit 2 Membrane Transport > Flashcards

Unit 2 Membrane Transport Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

phospholipid bilayer

A

head: hydrophilic & polar
fatty acid tails: hydrophobic & nonpolar

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2
Q

How would you describe the permeability of the plasma membrane?

A

semi permeable

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3
Q

what does the plasma membrane allow to pass through it?

A
  • small
  • nonpolar
  • uncharged
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4
Q

what does the plasma membrane NOT allow to pass?

A

ions/charged molecules

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5
Q

transmembrane protein

A

channels or transporters that INCREASE the permeability of the plasma membrane

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6
Q

Vesicular transport

A

macromolecules pass via this method

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7
Q

What are the two major groups of membrane transport

A

passive and active

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8
Q

what are the types of passive transport

A
  • simple diffusion
  • facilitated diffusion
  • osmosis
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9
Q

what is the gradient of passive transport

A

HIGH TO LOW CONCENTRATION/ WITHOUT THE USE OF ATP/ WITH OR DOWN THE GRADIENT

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10
Q

What are the types of active transport?

A
  • primary active
  • secondary active
  • vesicular transport
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11
Q

what is the gradient of active transport

A

LOW TO HIGH CONCENTRATION/ WITH ATP/AGAINST OR UP THE GRADIENT

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12
Q

what is a concentration gradient

A

the difference between the amount of a chemical on one side of the membrane in comparison to the other

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13
Q

what is the difference between the concentration gradient inside and outside of the cell

A

OUTSIDE THE CELL: more O2 & Na ions
INSIDE THE CELL: more CO2 & K ions

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14
Q

what is an electrical gradient

A

the difference between ions or charges between one side of the membrane and another

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15
Q

what determines an electrical gradient

A

membrane potential

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16
Q

what is the difference between the electrical gradient outside and inside the cell?

A

INSIDE THE CELL is more NEGATIVE
OUTSIDE THE CELL is more POSITIVE

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17
Q

ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENT

A

electrical gradient + chemical gradient

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18
Q

Simple diffusion

A

The random mixing of particles by stirring causes the articles to spread and produces kinetic energy

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19
Q

what is the concentration gradient of simple diffusion

A

high to low

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20
Q

what diffuses in simple diffusion

A

the SOLVENT & SOLUTE

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21
Q

What factors affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  1. Steeper Gradient: more significant difference in concentration
  2. Higher temperature: heat generates more kinetic energy
  3. Large membrane surface area
  4. Distance of diffusion
  5. smaller particle
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22
Q

what does diffusion look like through the lipid bilayer?

A
  • nonpolar
  • hydrophobic
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23
Q

through what form of transport does GAS EXCHANGE occur?

A

diffusion

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24
Q

What are the 3 types of ion channels

A
  • leakage
  • voltage-gated
  • ligand
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25
Leakage channels
gates open and close (passing of Na+ and K+)
26
Voltage-gated channels
open in response to membrane potential (passing of Na+ and K+)
27
Ligand-gated channels
open and close in response to chemical stimuli (neurotransmitters, hormones, or other ions)
28
Why is facilitated diffusion needed within passive transport?
solute is too polar
29
what are the general steps of facilitated diffusion?
1. solute binds to the specific transporter protein 2. transporter makes a CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE 3. the solute moves across the membrane and is released on the other side of the membrane
30
what solutes move via facilitated diffusion?
- glucose - urea - fructose - galactose - vitamins
31
Osmosis
net movement of SOLVENT through a selectively permeable membrane
32
Hydrostatic Pressure
pressure that the water column exerts
33
what does hydrostatic pressure prevent
prevents water from diffusing through the membrane
34
osmotic pressure
applied pressure by the solvent or another force when they are not permeable to the membrane
35
Tonicity
how the osmolarity of an outside solution effects the cell volume
36
HYPERtonic
tonicity of solution > tonicity of cell
37
what happens to a cell when in a HYPERtonic solution
CRENATION: the cell shrinks
38
HYPOtonic
tonicity of solution < tonicity of cell
39
what happens when a cell is in a HYPOtonic solution
HEMOLYSIS: the cells wells and burst
40
ISOtonic
tonicity of solution = tonicity of cell
41
what happens when a cell is placed in an ISOtonic solution?
stays the same
42
what mechanism is used in Primary Active Transport
Sodium Potassium Pump (Na/K Pump)
43
Where does primary active transport get its energy to make the pump work?
energy comes from ATP, and it changed the shape of the transporter protein that pumps a substance across the membrane
44
What does the sodium-potassium pump strive to maintain in primary active transport
LOW Na+ and HIGH K+ in cytosol (inside the cell)
45
secondary active transport
energy stored in the Na+ or H+ concentration gradient used to drive other substances against their gradient = ION GRADIENTS
46
SYMporter
aka cotransporters; move substrates in the same direction
47
ANTIporters
aka exchangers; move substrates in the opposite direction
48
what ion begin the process of secondary transport
SODIUM ION
49
Transport Vesicles
a sac; site of budding
50
what are the 2 ways in which vesicles perform
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
51
ENDOcytosis
bring INTO the cell
52
what are the two types if endocytosis
phagocytosis and pinocytosis
53
phagocytosis
cell eating
54
what performs phagocytosis
WBCs and macrophages
55
Pinocytosis
cell drinking
56
Exocytosis
release something from the cell
57
where do these vesicles used form for exocytosis
inside the cell, and they fuse to the cell membrane to release contents
58
what kinds of things perform exocytosis
digestive enzymes, hormones, neurotransmitters and waste products
59
diffusion
passing from one side of the membrane to another
60
do we need ATP for ion channels
NO ATP NEEDED
61
What is the gradient of Na and K in primary active transport?
LOW TO HIGH/ AGAINST/ UPHILL/ UP
62
what is the main role of the sodium-potassium pump
to maintain gradient equilibrium
63
in secondary active transport, what is the gradient
sodium is going with while potassium eventually goes against using the energy from the start
64
Example of pinocytosis
absorption of nutrients from food

Exercise Science 276 (5 decks)

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