Unit 3 Metabolism Part 1 Flashcards
(81 cards)
1
Q
Metabolism
A
the sum of all chemical reactions in the body
2
Q
what are the two types of metabolism
A
catabolism and anabolism
3
Q
catabolism
A
BREAKdown
- EXergonic
4
Q
what does exergonic mean
A
release energy
5
Q
anabolism
A
BUILDing
- ENDergonic
6
Q
what does endergonic mean
A
consumes energy
7
Q
what is the 1st law of thermodynamics
A
the law of conservation of energy
8
Q
law of conservation of energy
A
energy can be neither created or destroyed, only converted
9
Q
ATP
A
useful form of chemical energy in our bodies
10
Q
What are the two types of energy transfer
A
oxidation and reduction
11
Q
oxidation
A
involves the REMOVAL of electrons from an atom or molecule
12
Q
reduction
A
involves the addition of electrons to an atom or molecule
13
Q
what is the main energy transfer rule
A
oxidation and reduction must ALWAYS be COUPLED
14
Q
Redox reactions
A
if one is reduced the other is oxidized
15
Q
what is another term for oxidation
A
DEHYDROGENATION
16
Q
What is another word for reduction
A
HYDROGENATION
17
Q
What are the main macronutrients
A
carbohydrates, lipids and proteins
18
Q
glycolysis
A
glucose breakdown to produce ATP
19
Q
What type of metabolism reaction does glycolysis experience
A
CATABOLIC
20
Q
gluconeogenesis
A
formation of glucose from lipid or protein
21
Q
what type of metabolic reaction does gluconeogenesis experience?
A
ANABOLIC
22
Q
glycogenolysis
A
breakdown of glycogen into glucose
23
Q
what type of metabolic reaction does glycogenolysis experience?
A
CATABOLIC
24
Q
glycogenesis
A
synthesis of glycogen from glucose
25
what type of metabolic reaction does glycogenesis experience?
ANABOLIC
26
Is glycolysis aerobis or anaerobic?
both
27
aerobic
with oxygen
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anaerobic
without oxygen
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Mitochondria
needs oxygen
- krebs and etc
- sometimes glycolysis
30
cytosol
does not need oxygen
- glycolysis
31
Glycolysis Characteristics
- fast
- w/ or w/o oxygen
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Krebs Cycle Characteristics
- slow
- high ATP yield
- Aerobic
33
ETC Characteristics
- slow
- high ATP yield
- Aerobic
34
What are simple sugars
monosaccharides and disaccharides
35
Examples of monosaccharides
- GLUCOSE
- FRUCTOSE
- GALACTOSE
36
Examples of disaccharides
- maltose = glucose + glucose
- sucrose = glucose + fructose
- lactose = glucose + galactose
37
examples of POLYSACCHARIDES
- glycogen
- cellulose
- starch
38
Glycogen
main polysaccharide in the body
39
What is known as the storage form of glucose
glycogen
40
where is glycogen stored
liver and skeletal muscles
41
how does glucose enter the cell
facilitated diffusion performed by GluT molecules
42
what increases the presence of GluT4 transporters in the plasma membrane for facilitated diffusion of glucose?
INSULIN -- this helps increase the rate of diffusion
43
Cellular respiration
OXIDATION of glucose to make ATP
44
What are the 4 sets of reactions in cellular respiration
1. Glycolysis
2. Formation of Acetyl CoA
3. Kreb's Cycle reactions
4. ETC reactions
45
Dehydration Synthesis
REMOVE water
monosaccharides -> disaccharide
46
Hydrolysis
ADD water
disaccharide -> monosaccharides
47
how many carbons are in one glucose at the start of glycolysis
6 carbon molecule split into 2 3 carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
48
what are the 3 phases of glycolysis
1. sugar activation
2. sugar cleavage
3. sugar oxidation and formation of ATP
49
What are the characteristics of glycolysis
- rapid rate
- low amount of ATP produced
- anaerobic in cytosol or aerobic in mitochondria
50
What stimulates PFK
- INCREASE IN adp, amp, pi and decreased pH
- DECREASE IN available oxygen
51
what happens when PFK is stimulated
the breakdown of glucose is increased and that means that the rate of glycolysis increased as well
52
what will INHIBIT PFK, thus decreasing the rate of glycolysis
- increase in glucose - 6 - phosphate
- lots of ATP and citrate
53
what are the key enzymes of glycolysis
hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, lactate dehydrogenase, pyruvate dehydrogenase
54
Hexokinase
conversion of glucose to glucose 6 phosphate (step 1) in glycolysis
55
Phosphofructokinase
(PFK) regulates the rate of glycolysis
56
Lactate dehydrogenase
(LDH) converts pyruvate to lactate (glycolysis)
57
pyruvate dehydrogenase
converts pyruvate to Acetyl CoA (Krebs)
58
characteristics of the krebs cycle
- slow
- high atp yield
- aerobic in mitochondria
59
what is the ETC
a series of electron carriers
60
what are some characteristics of the ETC
- SLOW
- greatest ATP yield
- aerobic in mitochondria
61
Matrix
folds within the mitochondria
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CHEMIOSMOSIS
pumping of Hydrogen ions
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describe etc
- each carrier is reduced as it gains electrons and oxidized as they lose them
EXERGONIC reactions release energy used in the form of ATP
64
How do channels open in the ETC
gradients are built when ions are all pushed to one side. this build allows hydrogen ions to rush into the inter membrane space and then to the ATP synthase
65
what is the goal of the ETC
couple energy stored in electron acceptors to a proton gradient that drives ATP synthesis
66
Inner mitochondrial membrane in etc
contains a series of channels and the ATP synthase
67
what are the two parts of oxidative phosphorylation
1. etc
2. chemiosmosis
68
what lives in the mitochondrial matrix
H+
69
what goes through ETC first
NADH from krebs
- gives up its protons and electrons to complex 1 causing it to be super charged to form NAD+. gives complex one the energy to pump H+ into the inter membrane space. and its electron is given from complex 1 to CoQ. accumulation of h+ on other side, proton gradient forms in IMS.
70
FADH2
coming from krebs, FAHD2 approaches complex 2 and gives up electrons and becomes FAD. complex 2 cannot however pump, so its electron goes from complex 2 to CoQ.
71
CoQ
common electron acceptor for complex one and complex 2 in the ETC. passes electrons to complex 3 and causes enough potential to pump H+ through complex 3 to intermembrane space. complex 3 passes electrons to CytC then to complex 4 and pumps protons to IMS
72
final electron acceptor
oxygen
- splits into two o ions
- creates two water molecules in the mitochondrial matrix
73
ATP synthase
uses built up proton gradient to generate large amounts of ATP
74
ADP wants to turn into ATP...
ATP synthase uses protons from IMS and flows down gradient and go back to matrix and catalyses the conversion of ADP to ATP ... PROCESS CONTINUES
75
What stimulates glycogenesis
INSULIN
76
where does insulin store glucose
stores it as glycogen in the liver and skeletal muscle
77
what enzyme is associated with glycogenesis
hexokinase
78
what stimulates glycogenolysis
glucagon and epinephrine (increased blood sugar results)
79
what enzymes are associated with glycogenolysis
phosphatase and phosphorylase
80
what stimulates gluconeogenesis
cortisol - high stress hormone
glucagon - when blood sugar is low
81
what hormone inhibits gluconeogenesis
insulin
