Unit 3 Metabolism Part 3

Question 1

Essential amino acids

Answer 1

cannot be made by the body but essential that they are gotten

Question 2

nonessential amino acids

Answer 2

can be made by the body

Question 3

peptide bond

Answer 3

bonds amino acids

Question 4

dehydration synthesis

Answer 4

1 amino + 1 amino = peptide bond

Question 5

hydrolysis

Answer 5

peptide bond = amino, amino

Question 6

what are proteins made of

Answer 6

amino acids

Question 7

what are the 3 attachment groups of amino acids

Answer 7

• amino group
• acidic carboxyl group
• side chain/r group

Question 8

what is special about the side chain of amino acids

Answer 8

the r group is the only thing that makes each amino acid unique

Question 9

What happens to digested proteins

Answer 9

they are broken down into amino acids and NOT STORED
- instead they ate either oxidized to produce ATP or used to synthesize other proteins

Question 10

What are the main functions of proteins

Answer 10

• enzymes
• transportation (lipoproteins)
• antibodies
• clotting blood
• hormones
• muscle fibers

Question 11

Protein CATABOLISM

Answer 11

• break down
• aerobic
• amino acids converted into other amino acids, ketone bodies or glucose

Question 12

Protein ANABOLISM

Answer 12

• protein synthesis
• create new proteins by bonding together amino acids on RIBOSOMES
• only occurs when they is an EXCESS of proteins

Question 13

Protein organization

Answer 13

1. primary structure
2. secondary structure
3. tertiary structure
4. quaternary

Question 14

primary structure

Answer 14

amino acid sequence

Question 15

secondary structure

Answer 15

twisting and folding of amino acids stabilized by hydrogen bonds

Question 16

tertiary structure

Answer 16

3d shape of a polypeptide chain

Question 17

quarternary structure

Answer 17

arrangement of 2 or more polypeptide chains

Question 18

where do amino acids enter the krebs cycle

Answer 18

anywhere

Question 19

What two words describe nitrogen elimination

Answer 19

transamination and deamination

Question 20

Transamination

Answer 20

transfer amine group

Question 21

deamination

Answer 21

• aka oxidative deamination (needs oxygen)
  removal of amine group

Question 22

What leaves through the kidney and urine and is used to measure nitrogen levels at the end of nitrogen elimination?

Answer 22

UREA

Question 23

Characteristics of Glucose - Alanine Cycle

Answer 23

• slow
• alanine is the gluconeogenic precursor

Question 24

amino acid -> protein =

Answer 24

ANABOLIC

Question 25

protein -> amino acid =

Answer 25

CATABOLIC

Question 26

What are the key molecules in the metabolic crossroads

Answer 26

- glucose 6 phosphate - pyruvic acid - acetyl co A

Question 27

Glucose 6 phosphate is involved in

Answer 27

1. synthesis of glycogen 2. release of glucose into blood 3. synthesis of nucleic acids 4. glycolysis

Question 28

Pyruvic Acid is involved in

Answer 28

5. production of lactic acid 6. production of alanine 7. gluconeogenesis 8. conversion to acetyl CoA

Question 29

Acetyl Co A is involved in

Answer 29

9. helping 2 carbon acetyl groups enter the Krebs Cycle 10. synthesis of lipids or ketones

Question 30

What is the fasted state

Answer 30

- HUNGRY - POST ABSORPTIVE STATE

Question 31

what is the fed state

Answer 31

- FULL - ABSORPTIVE STATE

Question 32

Post absorptive state:

Answer 32

energy needs are already met by fuels already in the body

Question 33

what hormones are associated with postabsorptive state

Answer 33

glucagon and stress hormones - cortisol, epine, norepi

Question 34

What are the actual hormonal regulation steps of the post-absorptive state

Answer 34

1. gylcogenolysis - hepatocytes and skeletal muscle fibers 2. lipolysis - adipocytes 3. protein breakdown - skeletal muscle fibers 4. gluconeogenesis - hepatocytes and kidney cortex cells

Question 35

Summarize what happens when in the post absorptive state

Answer 35

the storage form of energy is being broken down to feed the hungry organs (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue and liver), heart and brain are energy takers to make ATP from glucose, lactic acid and sometimes ketone bodies - glycerol is broken down in adipose tissue and taken up by liver to make glucose in gluconeogenesis. fatty acids go through beta oxidation - muscle glycogen is broken to produce lactic acid which is an anaerobic process. and it makes glucose in gluconeogenesis. gluconeogenesis is the only anabolic process

Question 36

Absorptive state

Answer 36

energy is used or stored from food

Question 37

what hormones are associated with the absorptive state

Answer 37

INSULIN

Question 38

What are the actual hormonal regulation steps for the absorptive state

Answer 38

1. facilitated diffusion - glucose goes into cells 2. active transport - of amino acids into cells 3. glycogenesis - liver and muscle cells 4. protein synthesis - all body cells 5. lipogenesis - adipose cells and hepatocytes

Question 39

Summarize what happens when in the absorptive state

Answer 39

lots of extra glucose triggers insulin so it is stored. the making of glycogen in muscle and liver, making of protein stored in muscles and fats are stored in adipose tissue. excess glucose and glycogen stores are full? more triglycerides are made- mostly anabolic