Unit 2 Test Flashcards
Complete
1
Q
skin
A
protects, senses, vitamin D production, temperature regulation, excretion
2
Q
epidermis
A
superficial layer of skin, prevents water loss and resists abrasion
3
Q
dermis
A
dense connective tissue that gives skin structural strength
4
Q
subcutaneous tissue
A
connective tissue on which skin rests, connects skin to bone
5
Q
keratin
A
protein which makes cells hard and creates permeability layer
6
Q
strata
A
distinct layers of epidermis
7
Q
stratum basale
A
base layer, cuboidal or columnar cells that are very mitotic, fresh cells are pushed to surface through intermediate stratum
8
Q
stratum corneum
A
most superficial layer of epidermis, dead squamous cells with keratin, coated by lipids of prevent fluid loss
9
Q
callus
A
thickened area of increased layers of stratum corneum due to friction
10
Q
corn
A
cone shaped callus over a bony prominence
11
Q
cleavage lines
A
collagen fibers oriented in the same direction, skin resistant to stretching along these lines, important for incisions
12
Q
stretch marks
A
skin overstretched, dermis damaged
13
Q
dermal papillae
A
projections on upper part of the dermis that extend into the epidermis and provide nutrients, remove waste, and regulate temp. Create fingerprints and improve grip
14
Q
melanin
A
pigment resp for hair, skin, and eye color. Provides protection against UV rays
15
Q
melanocytes
A
irregular shaped cells that produce melanin
16
Q
melenosomes
A
vesicles of melaninwhich leave malanocytes and are phagocyized into epithelial cells
17
Q
hair
A
accessory skin structure, composed of dead, keratinized, epithelial cells
18
Q
hair follicle
A
extension of epidermis that originates in the dermis. Hair arises from follicle
19
Q
hair shaft
A
protruded above skin surface
20
Q
hair root
A
below skin surface
21
Q
hair bulb
A
hair is produced in the bulb, below skin surface
22
Q
medulla
A
soft center of hair
23
Q
cuticle
A
single layer of overlapping cells that hold the hair in the follicle
24
Q
sebaceous glands
A
simple branched acinar glands connected by duct to hair follicle
25
sweat glands
eccrine and apocrine, simple coiled tubular glands that secrete water and salts. Apocrine secretions are rich in organic substances
26
sebum
oily white lipid-rich that lubricates hair and skin
27
nail
thin plate of dead stratum corneum cells
28
nail body
visible part of nail
29
cuticle
strat corn that extends onto nail body
30
nail root
part covered by skin
31
nail matrix
where nail root extends from
32
nail bed
nail attaches to bed
33
lunula
part of nail matrix can be seen, cell production causes nail growth
34
jaundice
yellow skin color, bile pigments which are not broken down by liver
35
excretion
removal of waste from the body
36
```
partial thickness burns
first degree
second degree
full thickness
third degree
```
part of basale remains viable,
only epidermis, red painful edema
both epidermis and dermis, recovery from edge of wound and his and sweat glands
epidermis and dermis destroyed, recovery from edges of wound, painless, appear white tan, ben, blk, cherry red
37
skin cancer
basal cell carcinoma
squamous cell carcinoma
malignant melanoma
most common cancer, chemicals, radiation UV light, face neck hands, fair and over 50
most frequent, begins with basal and extends into dermis to produce an open ulcer, not likely to metastasize
squamous cell, nodular keratinized tumor confined to epidermis, if untreated, can invade dermis and metastasize
cancer from melanocytes usually in a mole which is a nest of melanocytes, flat spreading lesion or dark nodule, metastasis is common
38
debridement
removal of dead tissue from a burn, prevents infection
39
venous thrombosis
dev of clot in vein, complication of burns, loss of fluid and liver increases clotting factor, blocks blood flow and kills tissue
40
age spots vs freckles
increased melanocytes vs increased melanin production
41
collagen
tough ropelike protein
42
proteoglycan
large molecules of polysaccades attached to core proteins, think pine tree, attracts and retains large amounts of water
43
tendons
| ligaments
both have large amounts of collagen fibers, connects muscle to bone, connects bone to bone
44
cartilage
contains collagen for toughness and protoglycans to make it smooth and resilient, it is rigid but absorbs shock well
45
extracellular matrix
different compositions give characteristics of bone, cartilage, tendons, and ligaments
46
long bones
flat bones
irregular bones
short bones
longer than wide i.e. limbs
relatively thin and flat i.e. skull
don't fit into other categories i.e. face and vertebrae
as broad as long i.e. wrist and ankle
47
diaphysis
| epiphysis
central shaft of bone
| end of bone
48
articular cartilage
covers the end of epiphysis where bone articulates with other bone
49
epiphyseal plate
growth plate of cartilage between epiphysis and diaphysis
50
medullary cavity
yellow marrow
red marrow
bone cavity
adipose tissue
blood forming cells
51
periosteum
| endosteum
outer surface of bone
| lines medullary cavity
52
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
forms bone, found in periosteum and endosteum
osteoblasts surrounded by matrix
bone eating cells
53
lamellae
lacunae
canaliculi
thin sheets of matrix in bone
spaces between matrix where osteocytes are
tiny canals in matrix for diffusion
54
compact bone
| spongy bone
forms diaphysis on long bones and thinner surfaces on other bones
epiphysis of long bones and interior of other bones
55
central canal
where blood vessels run parallel to the long axis of bone
56
osteon
central canal with lamellae and osteocytes surrounding it, bullseye
57
trabeculae
interconnecting rods or plates in spongy bone
58
ossification
formation of bones by osteoblasts
59
intramembranous bone
bone produced in connective tissue membranes, primarily in the skull
60
edochondral bone
bone produced from cartilage
61
chondrocytes
cartilage cells
62
bone remodeling
removal of bone by osteoclasts and deposits of new bone by osteoblasts
63
bone repair
1. clot formation
2. callus formation
3. osteoblasts form spongy bone
4. bone remodeling to form compact bone
64
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
secreted by parathyroid gland when calcium levels are low, stimulates osteoclasts
65
Calcitonin
thyroid gland produced when calcium levels are high, inhibits osteoclasts
66
forman
hole
67
meatus
a canal or tunnel
68
fossa
depression
69
tubercle/tuberosity
knob or enlargement
70
process
prominent projection
71
condyle
smooth rounded articular surface
72
axial skeleton
skull, vertebral column, and thoracic cage
73
appendicular skeleton
bones of the limbs and girdles which attach them to the axial skeleton
74
joints
also articulation, where 2 bones come together
75
synarthrosis
amphiarthrosis
diarthrosis
non moveable joint
slightly moveable joint
freely moveable joint
76
fibrous joints
2 bones united by fibrous tissue that have little or no movement
77
sutures
fibrous joints in the skull
78
cartilaginous joints
2 bones joined by cartilage with slight movement i.e. ribs
79
syndesmoses
fibrous joints where the bones are separated by some distance and held together by ligaments i.e. radius and ulna
80
gomphoses
pegs fitted into sockets and held in place by ligaments i.e. tooth and socket
81
synovial joints
freely moving joints that contain fluid in a cavity surrounding the ends of articulating bones
82
synovial membrane
lines synovial cavity except over articular cartilage
83
synovial fluid
synovial membrane produces fluid forms a thin lubricating layer covering surface of a joint , made of polysaccharides, proteins, lipids, and cells
84
bursae
a pocket or sac in the synovial membrane located between structures that rub together like where tendon crosses a bone, reduces friction
85
tendon sheath
synovial membrane my extend along some tendons associated with joints
86
bursitis
inflammation of bursa, resulting from abrasion
87
```
plane joints
saddle joints
hinge joints
pivot joints
ball-and-socket joints
```
gliding joints ie vertebrae
saddle shaped, perpendicular ie thumb
movement in one plane only i.e. elbow and knee
rotation around an axis i.e. axis and atlas vertebrae
as described i.e. shoulder and hip
88
menisci
shock absorbing fibro cartilage pads
89
flexion
| extension
bend and straighten
90
abduction
| adduction
movement away from median and movement toward
91
pronation
| supination
rotate palm down and up
92
eversion
| inversion
turning foot out and in
93
rotation
| circumduction
turn around long axis i.e. skating head no and
| rotating arm at shoulder
94
protraction
| retraction
glide anteriorly and posteriorly
95
elevation
| depression
move superior i.e. close mouth and move inferiorly i.e. open mouth
96
reposition
return digits to anatomical position
97
hyperextension
abnormal forced extension of a joint beyond normal range of motion
98
Describe the process of bone formation in a fetus.
1. cartilage model produced with chondrocytes
2. chondrocytes enlarge and cartilage is calcified, perichondrium becomes periosteum
3. Primary ossification center forms and osteoblasts form matrix, forming trabeculae
4. Secondary ossification center forms in epiphysis of long bones
99
Describe the anatomy of a long bone.
epiphysis with spongy bone, epiphyseal plate or line, diaphysis with compact bone and medullary cavity, periosteum outside and endosteum inside with yellow or red marrow
100
Describe the process of bone remodeling.
osteoclasts remove bone and osteoblasts deposits new, responsible for change in bone shape, stress, bone repair and Ca regulation, also in bone growth
101
Describe the negative feedback mechanism by which blood calcium levels are maintained at homeostasis.
If Ca is low parathyroid glands release PTH stimulates osteoclasts to break down bone to release Ca. PTH also increases Ca reabsorption from urine. Vitamin D promotes Ca absorption in intestine. When Ca is high thyroid secretes calcitonin which inhibits osteoclasts which increases Ca deposits in bone
102
Describe the anatomy of a synovial joint.
joint capsule with synovial membrane and fibrous part of joint capsule, joint cavity synovial fluid in bursa, particular cartilage on the ends of bones, tendon tendon sheath.
103
skeletal muscle
responsible for movement, posture, production of heat, communication. 40% of body weight, attached to skeletal system, striated
104
contractility
excitability
extensibility
elasticity
```
characteristics of skeletal muscle
shorten with force
capacity to respond to a stimulus
ability to stretch
ability to recoil after a stretch
```
105
epimysium
connective tissue sheath surrounding skeletal muscle
106
muscle fascicule
visible bundle of muscle fiber
107
perimysium
loose connective tissue that surrounds muscle fasciuli
108
endomysium
loose connective tissue surrounding muscle fiber
109
sarcolemma
cell membrane of muscle fiber
110
transverse tubules or T tubules
tubelike invagination along sarcolemma
111
sarcoplasmic reticulum
ER in muscle cells, high concentration of CA+
112
sarcoplasm
cytoplasm in muscle cells
113
myofibrils
threadlike structures made of actin and myosin, extend from one end of the muscle fiber to the other
114
actin myofilaments
thin filaments
115
myosin myofilaments
thick filaments
116
sacromeres
basic structural and functional unit of skeletal muscle, smallest unit capable of contracting
117
troponin
molecules attached to actin filaments with binding sites for Ca+
118
tropomyosin
filaments located along the groove on twisted strands of actin myofilament, block binding sites in unstimulated muscle (when no Ca+ present)
119
myosin heads
part of myosin molecule that resemble golf club heads
1. bind to attachment sites on actin myofilaments 2. bend and straighten during contraction
3. break down ATP, releasing energy
120
Z disk
protein fibers forming an attachment site for actin myofilaments
121
I band
LIGHT band with only actin myofilaments
122
A band
DARK band, length of myosin myofilaments
123
H zone
Light zone in center of A band with only myosin myofilaments
124
M line
Dark line in the center of sarcomere where myosin myofilaments are anchored
125
Polarized/ resting membrane potential
uneven distribution of ions across the cell membrane, neg charge inside the cell
1. K+ concentration is higher inside the membrane
2. Na+ concentration is higher outside the membrane
3. cell is more permeable to K+ than Na+ (due to K+ leak channels and Na+ gate channels)
126
depolarization
in a stimulated muscle fiber Na+ gate channels open, Na+ quickly diffuses into the cell making the charge inside the cell membrane positive
127
repolarization
At the end of depolarization, the Na+ gate channels close and the charge returns to its resting condition, positive outside the cell and negative inside
128
action potential
rapid depolarization and repolarization that results in a muscle contraction
129
motor neurons
specialized nerve cells that cause muscles to contract
130
neuromuscular junction
the branch of a neuron joined with a muscle fiber, a cluster of enlarged axon terminals resting in indentations of the muscle fiber's membrane
131
synapse
cell to cell junction between a nerve cell and another nerve cell or effector cell (muscle or gland)
132
motor unit
a single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
133
presynaptic terminal
enlarged axon terminal
134
synaptic cleft
space between the presynaptic terminal and the muscle fiber membrane
135
postsynaptic membrane
muscle fiber membrane
136
synaptic vesicles
small vesicles in presynaptic terminal that contain acetylcholine (Ach)
137
acetylcholine (Ach)
a neurotransmitter
138
neurotransmitters
molecule released by presynaptic nerve cell that stimulates or inhibits a post synaptic cell
139
acetylcholinesterase
enzyme that breaks down Ach in the synaptic cleft to ensure that one action potential in the neuron yields on contraction of the muscle fiber
140
sliding filament model
sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments past on another causing sarcomeres to shorten, fibers do not shorten, H zones and I bands shorten but A bands don't change
141
cross-bridges
exposed sites on actin filaments bind to myosin myfilament heads
142
rigor mortis
when a person dies, ATP is not available and the cross bridges are not released, causing the muscles to become rigid
143
muscle twitch
contraction of a muscle fiber in response to a stimulus
144
lag phase/latent phase
time between application of stimulus and beginning of contraction
1. action potential produced in motor neuron
2. action potential travels along axon to neuromuscular junction
3. Ach is released and diffuses along synaptic cleft
4. Na+ enters and action potential is initiated on postsynaptic membrane
5. action potential must result in release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and formation of crossbridges
145
contraction phase
time muscle contracts
| 1. cross bridge formation and cycling
146
relaxation phase
time muscle relaxes
Ca+ is transported back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum
tropomyosin block attachment sites and cross bridges are prevented and muscle tension decreases
147
summation
increasing the force of contraction within a muscle
148
tetanus
a sustained contraction that is so frequent that no relaxation occurs
149
recruitment
increases the number of muscle fibers contracting
150
Describe the structure of a sarcomere
1. Z disk to Z disk
2. actin myofilaments (thin) are anchored to Z disk
3. myosin filaments (thick) are held in place by the M line
4. I Band is LIGHT band with only actin myofilaments
5. A Band is DARK band, extends the length of myosin myofilaments
151
Describe the action of the sliding filament model
1. Ca+ binds to troponin molecules on the actin filaments, causing tropomyosin molecules to move 2. This exposes binding sites on actin filaments for myosin myfilament heads forming crossbridges
3. Energy stored in myosin heads causes them to move, sliding of actin filaments past myosin filaments past on another, causing sarcomeres to shorten
4. Fibers do not shorten, H zones and I bands shorten but A bands don't change
152
Describe the passage of an electrical signal through the neuromuscular junction.
1. action potential produced in motor neuron
2. action potential travels along axon to neuromuscular junction, Ca+ enters presynaptic terminal
3. Ach is released from presynaptic vesicles and diffuses along synaptic cleft
4. Na+ enters postsynaptic membrane and action potential is initiated on muscle fiber
5. action potential results in release of Ca+ from sarcoplasmic reticulum and binds to troponin and allows formation of crossbridges
153
aerobic respiration
takes place in mitochondria, requires O2, breaks down glucose to produce ATP, CO2, and, H2O, more efficient than anaerobic resp 18X, can also use amino acids and fatty acids
154
anaerobic respiration
no O2, breaks down glucose to form ATP and lactic acid
155
creatine phosphate
high energy molecule that can be used to quickly form ATP
156
physiological contracture
extreme muscle fatigue when muscles may become incapable of contracting or relaxing because there is too little ATP to bind to myosin myofilaments
157
psychological fatigue
muscles are capable of contracting, but individual perceives that muscles cannot
158
isometric contractions
length of muscles doesn't change, but tension increases
159
isotonic contractions
tension is constant but muscle length decreases
160
concentric contractions
tension increases and muscle shortens
161
eccentric contractions
tension is constant, but the muscle lengthens (lowering a heavy weight)
162
muscle tone
Constant tension produced by muscles over a long period of time. Keeps back and legs straight, head upright. Small percentage of motor units stimulated at a time, causing muscle fibers to contract tetanically and out of phase with one another
163
myoglobin
slow twitch muscle is dark due to increased blood supply and myoglobin which stores oxygen
164
hypertrophy
ratio of muscle fiber can be influenced by training. Exercise increases blood flow and number of mitochondria and myofibrils and myofilaments, causing muscles to enlarge. Also type IIb muscles can be replaced by IIa which are more resistant to fatigue
165
smooth muscle
small and spindle shaped with one nucleus per cell, less actin and myosin, not organized into sarcomeres, contract slower and under involuntary control
166
cardiac muscle
long striated and branching with one nucleus per cell, organized into sarcomeres, but not as distinctly as skeletal
167
satellite cells
undifferentiated cells that can become a limited number of new muscle fibers, stimulated by injury or extensive strength training
168
autorhymicity
spontaneous contraction of smooth muscle
169
intercalated disks
specialized structures that include tight junctions and gap junctions and facilitate conduction between cells causing all cells to contract together
170
muscle origin
point of attachment at stationary end of the muscle
171
muscle insertion
point of attachment at the end of muscle undergoing the greatest movement
172
tendon
connects muscle to bone
173
retinaculum
band of connective tissue that holds down tendons at the wrists and ankles
174
aponeurosis
broad sheet-like tendons
175
agonist
muscle that accomplishes movement, like flexion
176
antagonist
muscle that acts in opposition to agonist
177
synergists
muscles that work together to produce a movement
178
prime movers
in synergists, if one muscle plays a major role in a desired movement it is a prime mover
179
fixator
muscle that holds one bone in place relative to the body while a distal bone is moved
180
mastication
chewing
